{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385452939","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3300447","title":"Building a Smart Campus Digital Twin: System, Analytics, and Lessons Learned From a Real-World Project","display_name":"Building a Smart Campus Digital Twin: System, Analytics, and Lessons Learned From a Real-World Project","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385452939","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3300447"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3300447","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3300447","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048367677","display_name":"Luis Roda-S\u00e1nchez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8805-9060"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luis Roda-Sanchez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deparment of Product Development, NEC Iberica, Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deparment of Product Development, NEC Iberica, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037445523","display_name":"Flavio Cirillo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5273-9366"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Flavio Cirillo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Ecosystems and Standards, NEC Laboratories Europe, Heidelberg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Ecosystems and Standards, NEC Laboratories Europe, Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050770083","display_name":"G\u00fcrkan Solmaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5341-7913"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G\u00fcrkan Solmaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Ecosystems and Standards, NEC Laboratories Europe, Heidelberg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Ecosystems and Standards, NEC Laboratories Europe, Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084704118","display_name":"Tobias Jacobs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9165-1161"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Jacobs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Ecosystems and Standards, NEC Laboratories Europe, Heidelberg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Ecosystems and Standards, NEC Laboratories Europe, Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058423982","display_name":"Celia Garrido-Hidalgo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3671-1552"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","display_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","ror":"https://ror.org/05r78ng12","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Celia Garrido-Hidalgo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de investigación en Informática de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de investigación en Informática de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089368362","display_name":"Teresa Olivares","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9512-2745"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","display_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","ror":"https://ror.org/05r78ng12","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teresa Olivares","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Sistemas Informáticos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Sistemas Informáticos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001582325","display_name":"Ern\u0151 Kov\u00e1cs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4010-5208"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ern\u00f6 Kovacs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Ecosystems and Standards, NEC Laboratories Europe, Heidelberg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Ecosystems and Standards, NEC Laboratories Europe, Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048367677"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.5127,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98200978,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"3","first_page":"4614","last_page":"4627"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9280999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7535984516143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytics","display_name":"Analytics","score":0.6052771806716919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.5299975275993347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5178309082984924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"Big data","score":0.5107531547546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.4570692777633667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-analytics","display_name":"Software analytics","score":0.44764208793640137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-visualization","display_name":"Data visualization","score":0.44182634353637695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3384662866592407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.2754693627357483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.15658605098724365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.14654704928398132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.1338825523853302}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7535984516143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79158427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485396","display_name":"Analytics","level":2,"score":0.6052771806716919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.5299975275993347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5178309082984924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.5107531547546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4570692777633667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171981572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554239","display_name":"Software analytics","level":5,"score":0.44764208793640137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172367668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956","display_name":"Data visualization","level":3,"score":0.44182634353637695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3384662866592407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.2754693627357483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15658605098724365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.14654704928398132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.1338825523853302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3300447","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3300447","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.7799999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G126746102","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019-PREDUCLM-10703","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324466","funder_display_name":"Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3295790114","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2021-123627OB-C52","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5310635495","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DIN2018-010177","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6236963666","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2021-123627OB-C52","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6571611451","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019-PREDUCLM-10703","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338080","funder_display_name":"European Social Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7687517488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DIN2018-010177","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G776407691","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2021-123627OB-C52","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321043","display_name":"Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico Industrial","ror":"https://ror.org/0124x7055"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324466","display_name":"Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha","ror":"https://ror.org/05r78ng12"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338080","display_name":"European Social Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2023066921","https://openalex.org/W2043510950","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2464948348","https://openalex.org/W2574666645","https://openalex.org/W2751045880","https://openalex.org/W2782672556","https://openalex.org/W2794384220","https://openalex.org/W2896575999","https://openalex.org/W2910597635","https://openalex.org/W2944665834","https://openalex.org/W2948950196","https://openalex.org/W2994200381","https://openalex.org/W2999104741","https://openalex.org/W3003667836","https://openalex.org/W3007058815","https://openalex.org/W3020862983","https://openalex.org/W3033971127","https://openalex.org/W3042091195","https://openalex.org/W3100555568","https://openalex.org/W3106498328","https://openalex.org/W3119904202","https://openalex.org/W3123566591","https://openalex.org/W3135141666","https://openalex.org/W3150682333","https://openalex.org/W3212259171","https://openalex.org/W3215130116","https://openalex.org/W3215436808","https://openalex.org/W3216599946","https://openalex.org/W3216798301","https://openalex.org/W4210417695","https://openalex.org/W4220831070","https://openalex.org/W4225537087","https://openalex.org/W4285038630","https://openalex.org/W4292166922","https://openalex.org/W4381734407","https://openalex.org/W6775951366"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2038746072","https://openalex.org/W1995108926","https://openalex.org/W2543688022","https://openalex.org/W4390273888","https://openalex.org/W3193780199","https://openalex.org/W2921324640","https://openalex.org/W3121830558","https://openalex.org/W872215992","https://openalex.org/W4244160637","https://openalex.org/W4390577565"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0],"solutions":[1,56],"increasingly":[2],"involve":[3],"the":[4,11,15,45,67,74,80,105,110,120,129,135,156,175,203,207,238],"use":[5],"of":[6,76,86,112,116,122,139,159,166,177],"sensor":[7,131,182],"data":[8,167,183,187,208],"to":[9,21,34,38],"represent":[10],"physical":[12,64],"world":[13,17],"in":[14,79,83],"digital":[16,68,81,114],"and":[18,36,98,134,192,209,224,235],"apply":[19],"intelligence":[20,35],"such":[22],"representation.":[23],"The":[24,70,125,148],"main":[25],"approach":[26,108],"is":[27,73,128,153],"a":[28,41,63,84,113,144],"vertical":[29],"end-to-end":[30],"solution":[31],"from":[32],"sensors":[33],"back":[37],"actuators.":[39],"Recently,":[40],"new":[42],"holistic":[43],"approach,":[44],"so-called":[46],"Digital":[47,93,106,151,157,178,243],"Twin,":[48],"has":[49],"emerged.":[50],"This":[51],"goes":[52],"beyond":[53],"traditional":[54],"smart":[55,149,241],"by":[57,155,180,195],"replicating,":[58],"with":[59,96,184],"high-fidelity":[60],"cross-domain":[61],"aspects,":[62],"object":[65],"into":[66],"world.":[69],"key":[71],"differentiation":[72],"inclusion":[75],"semantics":[77],"information":[78,95,193],"replica":[82,115],"form":[85],"knowledge":[87],"graph.":[88],"Further,":[89],"analytics":[90,189,212],"continuously":[91],"enrich":[92],"Twin\u2019s":[94],"predictions":[97],"insights.":[99],"In":[100],"this":[101],"article,":[102],"we":[103,230],"adopt":[104],"Twin":[107,152,179],"for":[109,162,214],"creation":[111],"Espinardo\u2019s":[117],"campus":[118,150,242],"at":[119],"University":[121],"Murcia":[123],"(Spain).":[124],"starting":[126],"point":[127],"existing":[130],"network":[132],"deployment":[133],"infrastructure":[136],"under":[137],"development":[138],"Fog\u2013Edge\u2013Cloud":[140],"computing":[141],"based":[142],"on":[143],"5G":[145],"private":[146],"network.":[147],"formed":[154],"Twins":[158],"23":[160],"buildings":[161],"which":[163],"different":[164],"sets":[165],"features":[168],"have":[169],"been":[170],"thoroughly":[171],"selected.":[172],"We":[173,198],"implement":[174],"concept":[176],"merging":[181],"external":[185],"open":[186],"sources,":[188],"models":[190,213],"implemented,":[191],"processed":[194],"these":[196],"analytics.":[197],"report":[199],"our":[200,228],"experience":[201],"showing":[202],"issues":[204],"encountered":[205],"handling":[206],"producing":[210],"various":[211],"predicting":[215],"energy":[216],"consumption,":[217],"building":[218],"occupancy,":[219],"room":[220],"usage,":[221],"solar":[222],"energy,":[223],"anomaly":[225],"detection.":[226],"From":[227],"experience,":[229],"highlight":[231],"some":[232],"lessons":[233],"learned":[234],"directions":[236],"toward":[237],"full":[239],"operational":[240],"Twin.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":22}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}