{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385413542","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3300051","title":"A Secure Sidechain for Decentralized Trading in Internet of Things","display_name":"A Secure Sidechain for Decentralized Trading in Internet of Things","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385413542","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3300051"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3300051","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3300051","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031753527","display_name":"Fangyu Gai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2114-3313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1287378978","display_name":"University of British Columbia Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00frst980","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1287378978","https://openalex.org/I141074466","https://openalex.org/I141074466","https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I2799475292"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260628","display_name":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04241wz75","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fangyu Gai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada","Blockchain@UBC, Vancouver, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2114-3313","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blockchain@UBC, Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287378978"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081705982","display_name":"Jianyu Niu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5253-941X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260628","display_name":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04241wz75","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]}],"countries":["CA","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianyu Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada","Engineering and Research Institute of Trustworthy Autonomous Systems and the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5253-941X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering and Research Institute of Trustworthy Autonomous Systems and the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002919143","display_name":"Mohammad M. Jalalzai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0183-4536"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1287378978","display_name":"University of British Columbia Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00frst980","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1287378978","https://openalex.org/I141074466","https://openalex.org/I141074466","https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I2799475292"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260628","display_name":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04241wz75","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad M. Jalalzai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada","Blockchain@UBC, Vancouver, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0183-4536","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blockchain@UBC, Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287378978"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017926820","display_name":"Seyed Ali Tabatabaee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1536-4534"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seyed Ali Tabatabaee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blockchain&#x0040;UBC, Vancouver, Canada","Department of Computer Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1536-4534","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blockchain&#x0040;UBC, Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100699149","display_name":"Chen Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6726-0259"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1287378978","display_name":"University of British Columbia Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00frst980","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1287378978","https://openalex.org/I141074466","https://openalex.org/I141074466","https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I2799475292"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260628","display_name":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04241wz75","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada","Blockchain@UBC, Vancouver, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6726-0259","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blockchain@UBC, Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287378978"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.3434,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9589488,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"3","first_page":"4029","last_page":"4046"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9690999984741211,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7455024123191833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7357328534126282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.5775232911109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.543666660785675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byzantine-fault-tolerance","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","score":0.5342618227005005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.5324363112449646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.523883044719696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5131731629371643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.4920289218425751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.48084649443626404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.47222521901130676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.44220927357673645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.41115498542785645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault tolerance","score":0.2936837375164032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.2296951711177826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1799183189868927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.16451632976531982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.11728128790855408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.07699087262153625}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7455024123191833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7357328534126282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.5775232911109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.543666660785675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168021876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1353446","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","level":3,"score":0.5342618227005005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.5324363112449646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.523883044719696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5131731629371643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.4920289218425751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.48084649443626404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.47222521901130676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.44220927357673645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.41115498542785645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.2936837375164032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2296951711177826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1799183189868927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.16451632976531982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.11728128790855408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.07699087262153625}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3300051","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3300051","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4670776464","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JSGG20220831095603007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336569","funder_display_name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6848064692","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RCBS20221008093248075","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336569","funder_display_name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336569","display_name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W13439346","https://openalex.org/W851575271","https://openalex.org/W1589176872","https://openalex.org/W1600823322","https://openalex.org/W1788452017","https://openalex.org/W1836078613","https://openalex.org/W2026857799","https://openalex.org/W2086862936","https://openalex.org/W2098104887","https://openalex.org/W2120775753","https://openalex.org/W2125826911","https://openalex.org/W2149104472","https://openalex.org/W2166670067","https://openalex.org/W2182035090","https://openalex.org/W2341120131","https://openalex.org/W2503224385","https://openalex.org/W2517744317","https://openalex.org/W2604272310","https://openalex.org/W2613637871","https://openalex.org/W2794533297","https://openalex.org/W2811205501","https://openalex.org/W2883173799","https://openalex.org/W2889895804","https://openalex.org/W2891853972","https://openalex.org/W2896372906","https://openalex.org/W2898082692","https://openalex.org/W2909933854","https://openalex.org/W2913353093","https://openalex.org/W2913880216","https://openalex.org/W2934242057","https://openalex.org/W2947736742","https://openalex.org/W2952709070","https://openalex.org/W2955325633","https://openalex.org/W2964159515","https://openalex.org/W2969602038","https://openalex.org/W2979341164","https://openalex.org/W2980046995","https://openalex.org/W2982021892","https://openalex.org/W2982162079","https://openalex.org/W2986418087","https://openalex.org/W2996845627","https://openalex.org/W3006655855","https://openalex.org/W3008350311","https://openalex.org/W3012143974","https://openalex.org/W3015234426","https://openalex.org/W3015450389","https://openalex.org/W3021554929","https://openalex.org/W3024554844","https://openalex.org/W3033233091","https://openalex.org/W3036501423","https://openalex.org/W3102975965","https://openalex.org/W3106356772","https://openalex.org/W3127476229","https://openalex.org/W3128475867","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W3173389971","https://openalex.org/W3198412969","https://openalex.org/W3206104606","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4285750084","https://openalex.org/W4288284943","https://openalex.org/W4300127641","https://openalex.org/W6678832241","https://openalex.org/W6682904396","https://openalex.org/W6685807058","https://openalex.org/W6752964981","https://openalex.org/W6753628087","https://openalex.org/W6768167848"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W3183732253","https://openalex.org/W4384299894","https://openalex.org/W4287328371","https://openalex.org/W3129544973","https://openalex.org/W4323924660","https://openalex.org/W4386174973"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sidechains":[0],"allow":[1],"transaction":[2],"dissemination":[3],"and":[4,18,59,109,124,133,145,151,159],"execution":[5],"outside":[6],"the":[7,12,23,52,73,79,111,122],"blockchain":[8],"main":[9],"network":[10],"(i.e.,":[11],"mainchain),":[13],"enabling":[14],"a":[15,45],"scalable,":[16],"efficient,":[17],"secure":[19],"financial":[20],"infrastructure":[21],"for":[22,56],"Internet":[24],"of":[25,54,75,114,154],"Things":[26],"(IoT)":[27],"without":[28],"trusting":[29],"any":[30],"central":[31,46],"authority.":[32],"Existing":[33],"sidechains":[34,100,118,141],"either":[35],"have":[36,90],"online":[37],"requirements":[38],"or":[39],"rely":[40],"on":[41,44],"intensive":[42],"computation":[43],"operator,":[47],"which":[48,71],"does":[49],"not":[50],"meet":[51],"needs":[53,74],"IoT":[55,76],"dynamic":[57],"changes":[58],"high":[60],"performance.":[61],"This":[62],"article":[63],"proposes":[64],"an":[65,131],"alternative":[66],"sidechain":[67,147],"construction,":[68],"called":[69],"Cumulus,":[70],"meets":[72],"by":[77],"leveraging":[78],"classic":[80],"Byzantine":[81],"fault-tolerant":[82],"(BFT)":[83],"consensus":[84],"protocols,":[85],"such":[86],"as":[87],"PBFT,":[88],"that":[89,139],"commonly":[91],"been":[92],"applied":[93],"in":[94,130,157],"permissioned":[95],"blockchains.":[96],"Cumulus":[97,117,140],"builds":[98],"BFT-based":[99],"atop":[101],"public":[102],"blockchains":[103],"(e.g.,":[104],"Ethereum)":[105],"using":[106],"smart":[107],"contracts":[108],"ensures":[110],"bidirectional":[112],"safety":[113],"users\u2019":[115],"assets.":[116],"periodically":[119],"interact":[120],"with":[121],"mainchain":[123],"submit":[125],"checkpoints":[126],"through":[127],"representatives":[128],"selected":[129],"efficient":[132],"decentralized":[134],"manner.":[135],"The":[136],"experiments":[137],"show":[138],"outperform":[142],"rollup-based":[143],"sidechains,":[144],"state-of-the-art":[146],"constructions,":[148],"achieving":[149],"two":[150],"three":[152],"orders":[153],"magnitude":[155],"improvement":[156],"throughput":[158],"latency":[160],"while":[161],"retaining":[162],"comparable":[163],"operational":[164],"cost.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
