{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385322265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3299279","title":"Outage Performance of Multitier UAV Communication With Random Beam Misalignment","display_name":"Outage Performance of Multitier UAV Communication With Random Beam Misalignment","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385322265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3299279"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3299279","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3299279","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034200265","display_name":"Weihao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4686-6294"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weihao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4686-6294","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005456828","display_name":"Zesong Fei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7576-625X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zesong Fei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7576-625X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044228369","display_name":"Jing Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6752-6064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6752-6064","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013548437","display_name":"Salman Durrani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7124-282X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salman Durrani","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7124-282X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035446029","display_name":"Halim Yan\u0131k\u00f6mero\u011flu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4776-9354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Halim Yanikomeroglu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) Lab, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4776-9354","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) Lab, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.0102,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96701423,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"3","first_page":"4163","last_page":"4178"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7609546780586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.6981208324432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.6769055128097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-geometry","display_name":"Stochastic geometry","score":0.6164206862449646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5539577603340149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.5494189262390137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4843822419643402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.44524872303009033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.42460817098617554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.4221656322479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-telephony","display_name":"Mobile telephony","score":0.4140242338180542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.4107096791267395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.377432644367218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.36787307262420654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.26005882024765015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-radio","display_name":"Mobile radio","score":0.2146889865398407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20859584212303162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11646318435668945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10052052140235901}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7609546780586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.6981208324432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.6769055128097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31243852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666739","display_name":"Stochastic geometry","level":2,"score":0.6164206862449646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5539577603340149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.5494189262390137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4843822419643402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.44524872303009033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.42460817098617554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.4221656322479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.4140242338180542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.4107096791267395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.377432644367218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.36787307262420654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.26005882024765015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781307350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6887221","display_name":"Mobile radio","level":2,"score":0.2146889865398407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20859584212303162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11646318435668945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10052052140235901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3299279","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3299279","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2009874611","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62001029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8822942647","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"L202015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W631335369","https://openalex.org/W2031834036","https://openalex.org/W2031858701","https://openalex.org/W2080761305","https://openalex.org/W2170783091","https://openalex.org/W2268751503","https://openalex.org/W2800847718","https://openalex.org/W2890354078","https://openalex.org/W2896550846","https://openalex.org/W2897806836","https://openalex.org/W2900876666","https://openalex.org/W2903528516","https://openalex.org/W2904947504","https://openalex.org/W2912142010","https://openalex.org/W2948019083","https://openalex.org/W2958647599","https://openalex.org/W2962829315","https://openalex.org/W2962886534","https://openalex.org/W2963095252","https://openalex.org/W2963440157","https://openalex.org/W2964005248","https://openalex.org/W2964023906","https://openalex.org/W2973121355","https://openalex.org/W2977930845","https://openalex.org/W2978075923","https://openalex.org/W2990193338","https://openalex.org/W2991026280","https://openalex.org/W3035685590","https://openalex.org/W3042876727","https://openalex.org/W3092028919","https://openalex.org/W3096565780","https://openalex.org/W3097905683","https://openalex.org/W3098202784","https://openalex.org/W3099625400","https://openalex.org/W3101216873","https://openalex.org/W3120715032","https://openalex.org/W3136928177","https://openalex.org/W3137982233","https://openalex.org/W3180802558","https://openalex.org/W3196364916","https://openalex.org/W3211189031","https://openalex.org/W3211619624","https://openalex.org/W4200044321","https://openalex.org/W4205504163","https://openalex.org/W4210870024","https://openalex.org/W4214879652","https://openalex.org/W4285159101","https://openalex.org/W4293203613","https://openalex.org/W4293326918","https://openalex.org/W4312329715","https://openalex.org/W4319341648"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2906618418","https://openalex.org/W790449367","https://openalex.org/W2275459886","https://openalex.org/W4386850052","https://openalex.org/W2963076731","https://openalex.org/W2249083530","https://openalex.org/W2604524836","https://openalex.org/W2786893525","https://openalex.org/W4302568799","https://openalex.org/W1482197907"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"By":[0],"exploiting":[1],"the":[2,7,23,31,60,70,80,96,102,117,121,130,136,147,160,166,181,187],"degree":[3],"of":[4,25,28,62,73,82,98,123,146,162,169,183,189],"freedom":[5],"on":[6,106],"altitude,":[8],"unmanned":[9],"aerial":[10],"vehicle":[11],"(UAV)":[12],"communication":[13,17,77,127],"can":[14,58],"provide":[15],"ubiquitous":[16],"for":[18,55,115,129],"future":[19],"wireless":[20],"networks.":[21],"In":[22,65,86],"case":[24],"concurrent":[26],"transmission":[27],"multiple":[29,36],"UAVs,":[30],"directional":[32],"beamforming":[33],"formed":[34],"by":[35,108,151],"antennas":[37,171],"is":[38,142,149],"an":[39,112],"effective":[40],"way":[41],"to":[42,94,173,176],"reduce":[43],"co-channel":[44],"interference.":[45],"However,":[46],"factors,":[47],"such":[48],"as":[49],"airflow":[50],"disturbance":[51],"or":[52,186],"estimation":[53],"error":[54],"UAV":[56,76,126,170],"communications,":[57],"cause":[59],"occurrence":[61],"beam":[63,84,99,164],"misalignment.":[64],"this":[66],"article,":[67],"we":[68,88],"investigate":[69],"system":[71],"performance":[72],"a":[74,90,124],"multitier":[75,125],"network":[78,128],"with":[79],"consideration":[81],"unstable":[83],"alignment.":[85],"particular,":[87],"propose":[89],"tractable":[91],"random":[92,163],"model":[93],"capture":[95],"impacts":[97],"misalignment":[100],"in":[101,120,159],"3-D":[103],"space.":[104],"Based":[105],"this,":[107],"utilizing":[109],"stochastic":[110],"geometry,":[111],"analytical":[113],"framework":[114],"obtaining":[116],"outage":[118],"probability":[119],"downlink":[122],"closest":[131],"distance":[132],"association":[133,140],"scheme":[134,141],"and":[135],"maximum":[137],"average":[138],"power":[139],"established.":[143],"The":[144,155],"accuracy":[145],"analysis":[148],"verified":[150],"Monte":[152],"Carlo":[153],"simulations.":[154],"results":[156],"indicate":[157],"that":[158],"presence":[161],"misalignment,":[165],"optimal":[167],"number":[168],"needs":[172],"be":[174,177],"adjusted":[175],"relatively":[178],"larger":[179],"when":[180],"density":[182],"UAVs":[184,190],"increases":[185],"altitude":[188],"becomes":[191],"higher.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}