{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4384788007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3296414","title":"Covert mmWave Communications With Finite Blocklength Against Spatially Random Wardens","display_name":"Covert mmWave Communications With Finite Blocklength Against Spatially Random Wardens","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4384788007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3296414"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3296414","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3296414","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026108623","display_name":"Ruiqian Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1879-6695"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruiqian Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1879-6695","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034493481","display_name":"Weiwei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0220-4088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiwei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0220-4088","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048235064","display_name":"Xinrong Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9294-664X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinrong Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9294-664X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078103326","display_name":"Xingbo Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-9943"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158522","display_name":"PLA Academy of Military Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05ct4s596","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158522"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingbo Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Military Sciences of PLA, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-9943","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Military Sciences of PLA, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158522"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020906283","display_name":"Yi Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1999-627X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147117","display_name":"Huaiyin Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03xvggv44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147117"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Electronic Electrical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1999-627X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Electronic Electrical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147117"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039179625","display_name":"Dechuan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7169-9563"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110718","display_name":"Nanyang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f7yer47","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110718"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dechuan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China","Key Laboratory of Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor Network Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","Henan Engineering Research Center for Radio Frequency Front End and Antenna of Millimeter Wave Wireless Communication System, Nanyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7169-9563","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110718"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor Network Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Engineering Research Center for Radio Frequency Front End and Antenna of Millimeter Wave Wireless Communication System, Nanyang, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.6579,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":95,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99097617,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"2","first_page":"3402","last_page":"3416"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7692440748214722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5775426030158997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.5445350408554077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7692440748214722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5775426030158997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.5445350408554077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3296414","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3296414","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G421415509","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022ZX017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323019","funder_display_name":"Nanyang Normal University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G442396209","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171464","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6131353199","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171461","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6379082331","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022PY024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8035829036","display_name":"\u654f\u611f\u6570\u636e\u91c7\u96c6\u7269\u8054\u7f51\u4e2d\u9690\u853d\u65e0\u7ebf\u901a\u4fe1\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62071486","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323019","display_name":"Nanyang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f7yer47"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1578217165","https://openalex.org/W1972485395","https://openalex.org/W1991056455","https://openalex.org/W2062608344","https://openalex.org/W2098346479","https://openalex.org/W2145873277","https://openalex.org/W2344809130","https://openalex.org/W2533543665","https://openalex.org/W2562742260","https://openalex.org/W2566155463","https://openalex.org/W2578975026","https://openalex.org/W2610070789","https://openalex.org/W2756790867","https://openalex.org/W2777551158","https://openalex.org/W2808367635","https://openalex.org/W2893082680","https://openalex.org/W2915414279","https://openalex.org/W2918864322","https://openalex.org/W2950582173","https://openalex.org/W2956202621","https://openalex.org/W2963262186","https://openalex.org/W2963357004","https://openalex.org/W2981443503","https://openalex.org/W2981587265","https://openalex.org/W2982282313","https://openalex.org/W2993402172","https://openalex.org/W2999472659","https://openalex.org/W3023365754","https://openalex.org/W3025456008","https://openalex.org/W3027379320","https://openalex.org/W3040347013","https://openalex.org/W3044223429","https://openalex.org/W3081808596","https://openalex.org/W3103461411","https://openalex.org/W3105644655","https://openalex.org/W3109804967","https://openalex.org/W3117613361","https://openalex.org/W3119339993","https://openalex.org/W3119936166","https://openalex.org/W3133015265","https://openalex.org/W3137023729","https://openalex.org/W3167837530","https://openalex.org/W3168495756","https://openalex.org/W3185268715","https://openalex.org/W3205585862","https://openalex.org/W3212250153","https://openalex.org/W3213207990","https://openalex.org/W4205796536","https://openalex.org/W4206984411","https://openalex.org/W4214923099","https://openalex.org/W4285116427","https://openalex.org/W4311414679"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2523525694","https://openalex.org/W2998642566","https://openalex.org/W2392682561","https://openalex.org/W57793151","https://openalex.org/W2804882289","https://openalex.org/W2727423897","https://openalex.org/W2497612952","https://openalex.org/W4247948804"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,132],"this":[1],"article,":[2],"we":[3],"investigate":[4],"covert":[5,17,63,71,77],"millimeter-wave":[6],"(mmWave)":[7],"communications":[8],"with":[9,113],"finite":[10],"blocklength,":[11,95,115],"where":[12],"a":[13,20],"multiantenna":[14],"transmitter":[15,53,182],"sends":[16],"messages":[18],"to":[19,46,54,60,110,150,192],"legitimate":[21,56,173],"receiver":[22,174],"in":[23],"the":[24,31,48,52,55,62,67,90,96,106,111,116,122,127,139,146,151,154,164,172,177,181,186,194],"presence":[25],"of":[26,70,92,118,129,171],"spatially":[27,198],"random":[28,199],"wardens.":[29,200],"Both":[30],"phase":[32],"array":[33,39],"(PA)":[34],"and":[35,74,100,157,180],"linear":[36],"frequency":[37],"diverse":[38],"(LFDA)":[40],"beamforming":[41,84,178,190],"schemes,":[42,179],"which":[43],"are":[44,58,80,102],"designed":[45],"maximize":[47],"antenna":[49],"gain":[50],"from":[51],"receiver,":[57],"investigated":[59],"improve":[61,145,193],"communication":[64,72],"performance.":[65],"First,":[66],"novel":[68],"expressions":[69],"constraint":[73,91],"average":[75],"effective":[76],"throughput":[78],"(AECT)":[79],"derived":[81],"for":[82,104,168],"both":[83,176],"schemes.":[85],"Then,":[86],"taking":[87],"into":[88],"account":[89],"maximal":[93,140],"available":[94,141],"optimal":[97],"transmit":[98,155],"power":[99,156],"blocklength":[101,124,142],"determined":[103],"maximizing":[105],"AECT.":[107],"Typically,":[108],"comparing":[109],"benchmark":[112],"fixed":[114],"enhancement":[117],"AECT":[119,148,166],"by":[120],"utilizing":[121],"optimized":[123],"enlarges":[125],"as":[126],"density":[128],"wardens":[130],"increases.":[131],"addition,":[133],"it":[134,160],"is":[135,161],"observed":[136],"that":[137,163],"increasing":[138],"cannot":[143],"always":[144],"maximum":[147,165],"due":[149],"tradeoff":[152],"between":[153],"blocklength.":[158],"Furthermore,":[159],"shown":[162],"varies":[167],"different":[169],"directions":[170],"under":[175],"can":[183],"adaptively":[184],"choose":[185],"PA":[187],"or":[188],"LFDA":[189],"scheme":[191],"covertness":[195],"performance":[196],"against":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":60},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
