{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4383899704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3294133","title":"Preserving Privacy in Internet of Vehicles (IoV): A Novel Group-Leader-Based Shadowing Scheme Using Blockchain","display_name":"Preserving Privacy in Internet of Vehicles (IoV): A Novel Group-Leader-Based Shadowing Scheme Using Blockchain","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4383899704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3294133"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3294133","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3294133","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103235129","display_name":"Najam Saqib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8662-5979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Najam U Saqib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081150177","display_name":"Saif Ur Rehman Malik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8195-1630"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160054","display_name":"Cybernetica (Estonia)","ror":"https://ror.org/054gqc795","country_code":"EE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160054"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saif U. R. Malik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Security Institute, Cybernetica AS, Tallinn, Estonia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Security Institute, Cybernetica AS, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160054"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062778007","display_name":"Adeel Anjum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5083-0019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12469534","display_name":"Quaid-i-Azam University","ror":"https://ror.org/04s9hft57","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adeel Anjum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Technology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan","Information Security Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Technology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Security Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026138360","display_name":"Madiha Haider Syed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0123-3554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12469534","display_name":"Quaid-i-Azam University","ror":"https://ror.org/04s9hft57","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Madiha Haider Syed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Technology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Technology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069796562","display_name":"Syed Atif Moqurrab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3284-1755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12832649","display_name":"Gachon University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ryywt80","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Atif Moqurrab","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041541232","display_name":"Gautam Srivastava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9851-4103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48890080","display_name":"Brandon University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qp25a50","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48890080"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56306041","display_name":"Lebanese American University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hqkan37","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184693016","display_name":"China Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00v408z34","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184693016"]}],"countries":["CA","LB","TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gautam Srivastava","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Math and Computer Science, Brandon University, Brandon, Canada","Department of Computer Science and Math, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon","Research Centre for Interneural Computing, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Math and Computer Science, Brandon University, Brandon, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48890080"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Math, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Centre for Interneural Computing, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184693016"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000640263","display_name":"Jerry Chun\u2010Wei Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8768-9709"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179863766","display_name":"Western Norway University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05phns765","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179863766"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jerry Chun-Wei Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Mathematics, and Physics, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Mathematics, and Physics, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179863766"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":8,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103235129"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6235,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90251831,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"24","first_page":"21421","last_page":"21430"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8493266105651855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicular-ad-hoc-network","display_name":"Vehicular ad hoc network","score":0.644853949546814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6016978025436401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anonymity","display_name":"Anonymity","score":0.5622607469558716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.5537183284759521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5428867340087891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obfuscation","display_name":"Obfuscation","score":0.540895938873291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-point-of-failure","display_name":"Single point of failure","score":0.5326637029647827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.49063053727149963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/group-signature","display_name":"Group signature","score":0.4817071557044983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-provider","display_name":"Service provider","score":0.4113069176673889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.39075732231140137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-ad-hoc-network","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","score":0.3194567561149597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.2271844446659088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.15183797478675842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.1291923224925995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.109101802110672}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8493266105651855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192448918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682677","display_name":"Vehicular ad hoc network","level":4,"score":0.644853949546814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6016978025436401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178005623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308859","display_name":"Anonymity","level":2,"score":0.5622607469558716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.5537183284759521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5428867340087891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.540895938873291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165136773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1363179","display_name":"Single point of failure","level":2,"score":0.5326637029647827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.49063053727149963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148408913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5611269","display_name":"Group signature","level":4,"score":0.4817071557044983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2169973","display_name":"Service provider","level":3,"score":0.4113069176673889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.39075732231140137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94523657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","level":3,"score":0.3194567561149597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.2271844446659088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.15183797478675842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.1291923224925995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.109101802110672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3294133","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3294133","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6828330862","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PRG1780","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321090","funder_display_name":"Eesti Teadusagentuur"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321090","display_name":"Eesti Teadusagentuur","ror":"https://ror.org/00jjeja18"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2086596492","https://openalex.org/W2141091689","https://openalex.org/W2559990504","https://openalex.org/W2612733160","https://openalex.org/W2742257485","https://openalex.org/W2763925543","https://openalex.org/W2785089101","https://openalex.org/W2786072337","https://openalex.org/W2792111546","https://openalex.org/W2799867512","https://openalex.org/W2891406766","https://openalex.org/W2900892061","https://openalex.org/W2905430380","https://openalex.org/W2921750014","https://openalex.org/W2953409709","https://openalex.org/W2983330314","https://openalex.org/W3022522270","https://openalex.org/W3030249566","https://openalex.org/W3099188965","https://openalex.org/W3114545512","https://openalex.org/W3120370876","https://openalex.org/W3204162860","https://openalex.org/W3214266528","https://openalex.org/W3214273143","https://openalex.org/W4282589713","https://openalex.org/W4285214146","https://openalex.org/W4366249400","https://openalex.org/W6636925352","https://openalex.org/W6757491836"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4224216661","https://openalex.org/W1969405252","https://openalex.org/W1588782201","https://openalex.org/W1586825360","https://openalex.org/W2737741652","https://openalex.org/W2073830730","https://openalex.org/W2354573973","https://openalex.org/W2390438742","https://openalex.org/W2351206302","https://openalex.org/W2564085920"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"developments":[1],"in":[2,36,70,88,197,217,227,233,245,253],"the":[3,49,145,155,174,179],"Internet":[4],"of":[5,53,110,132,168,206,239],"Vehicles":[6],"(IoV)":[7],"and":[8,22,31,45,60,65,77,96,113,117,158,183,214,223,230,241,248,282],"vehicular":[9,164],"adhoc":[10],"networks":[11],"(VANET)":[12],"have":[13,99,107],"revolutionized":[14],"our":[15],"infrastructure,":[16],"making":[17],"it":[18,268],"safer,":[19],"more":[20],"convenient,":[21],"efficient.":[23],"VANET":[24,37,89],"provide":[25],"smart":[26],"traffic":[27],"control,":[28],"event":[29],"allocation,":[30],"real-time":[32],"information.":[33],"Existing":[34,91],"vehicles":[35,55],"are":[38,256],"now":[39],"equipped":[40],"with":[41],"intelligent":[42],"navigation,":[43],"entertainment,":[44],"emergency":[46],"applications.":[47],"However,":[48],"highly":[50],"connected":[51],"nature":[52],"these":[54,121],"poses":[56],"a":[57,123,169],"significant":[58],"safety":[59],"security":[61,80],"risk":[62],"to":[63,85,103,144,154],"drivers":[64],"assets":[66],"which":[67,128,209],"can":[68],"result":[69],"life-threatening":[71],"consequences.":[72],"Location":[73],"privacy":[74,102,194],"is":[75,126,129],"critical,":[76],"robust":[78],"network":[79],"techniques":[81,208],"should":[82],"be":[83],"used":[84,135],"counter":[86],"threats":[87],"environments.":[90],"schemes":[92,134,255,272],"like":[93],"obfuscation,":[94],"mix-zones,":[95],"silent":[97],"periods":[98],"preserved":[100],"location":[101,137,212],"some":[104],"extent":[105],"but":[106],"poor":[108],"Quality":[109],"Service":[111],"(QoS)":[112],"lack":[114],"both":[115],"efficiency":[116,182],"security.":[118],"To":[119],"address":[120],"issues,":[122],"shadowing":[124],"scheme":[125,203],"introduced,":[127],"an":[130],"improvement":[131],"earlier":[133],"for":[136,162,177],"privacy.":[138],"This":[139],"approach":[140],"ensures":[141],"better":[142,193],"service":[143,151,216],"vehicle":[146],"by":[147],"allowing":[148],"precise":[149],"location-based":[150],"(LBS)":[152],"requests":[153],"LBS":[156],"server":[157],"uses":[159],"blockchain":[160],"technology":[161],"storing":[163],"certificates.":[165],"The":[166,185,201,259],"inclusion":[167],"group":[170,243],"leader":[171],"significantly":[172],"reduces":[173],"time":[175],"taken":[176],"implementing":[178],"scheme,":[180],"improving":[181],"scalability.":[184],"anonymity":[186,278],"set":[187,279],"size":[188],"increases":[189],"over":[190],"time,":[191],"offering":[192],"protection":[195],"especially":[196],"densely":[198],"populated":[199],"areas.":[200],"proposed":[202,260],"overcomes":[204],"drawbacks":[205],"existing":[207],"includes":[210],"reduced":[211,231],"accuracy":[213],"low-quality":[215],"spatial":[218],"obfuscation":[219],"techniques,":[220],"limited":[221],"applicability":[222],"high":[224],"tracking":[225,283],"rate":[226],"shadow-based":[228],"approaches,":[229],"utility":[232],"distance-based":[234],"schemes.":[235],"Moreover,":[236],"single":[237],"point":[238],"failure":[240],"resource-intensive":[242],"formation":[244],"group-based":[246],"schemes,":[247],"dependency":[249],"on":[250,274],"additional":[251],"infrastructure":[252],"mix-zone-based":[254],"also":[257],"overcome.":[258],"scheme\u2019s":[261],"experimental":[262],"results":[263],"validate":[264],"it,":[265],"showing":[266],"that":[267],"outperforms":[269],"current":[270],"state-of-the-art":[271],"based":[273],"metrics,":[275],"such":[276],"as":[277],"size,":[280],"entropy,":[281],"success":[284],"ratio.":[285]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-24T08:02:53.985720","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
