{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4383200176","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3292319","title":"Transferability of Machine Learning Algorithm for IoT Device Profiling and Identification","display_name":"Transferability of Machine Learning Algorithm for IoT Device Profiling and Identification","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4383200176","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3292319"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3292319","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3292319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079454058","display_name":"Priscilla Kyei Danso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1262-844X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106938459","display_name":"University of New Brunswick","ror":"https://ror.org/05nkf0n29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Priscilla Kyei Danso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canadian Institute for Cybersecurity, Faculty of Computer Science, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1262-844X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canadian Institute for Cybersecurity, Faculty of Computer Science, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052766937","display_name":"Sajjad Dadkhah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5582-0255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106938459","display_name":"University of New Brunswick","ror":"https://ror.org/05nkf0n29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sajjad Dadkhah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canadian Institute for Cybersecurity, Faculty of Computer Science, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5582-0255","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canadian Institute for Cybersecurity, Faculty of Computer Science, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049169545","display_name":"Euclides Carlos Pinto Neto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1241-6391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106938459","display_name":"University of New Brunswick","ror":"https://ror.org/05nkf0n29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Euclides Carlos Pinto Neto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canadian Institute for Cybersecurity, Faculty of Computer Science, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canadian Institute for Cybersecurity, Faculty of Computer Science, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002396935","display_name":"Alireza Zohourian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106938459","display_name":"University of New Brunswick","ror":"https://ror.org/05nkf0n29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alireza Zohourian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canadian Institute for Cybersecurity, Faculty of Computer Science, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canadian Institute for Cybersecurity, Faculty of Computer Science, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015460422","display_name":"Heather Molyneaux","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0673-7815"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098097","display_name":"Research and Productivity Council","ror":"https://ror.org/00yeap462","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098097"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heather Molyneaux","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cybersecurity Team, Digital Technologies Research Center, National Research Council, Fredericton, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersecurity Team, Digital Technologies Research Center, National Research Council, Fredericton, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070447777","display_name":"Rongxing Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5720-0941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106938459","display_name":"University of New Brunswick","ror":"https://ror.org/05nkf0n29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rongxing Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canadian Institute for Cybersecurity, Faculty of Computer Science, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5720-0941","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canadian Institute for Cybersecurity, Faculty of Computer Science, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034685391","display_name":"Ali A. Ghorbani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9189-6268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106938459","display_name":"University of New Brunswick","ror":"https://ror.org/05nkf0n29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali A. Ghorbani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canadian Institute for Cybersecurity, Faculty of Computer Science, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9189-6268","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canadian Institute for Cybersecurity, Faculty of Computer Science, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079454058"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3928,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87988134,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"2","first_page":"2322","last_page":"2335"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9750000238418579,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9722999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8375654816627502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profiling","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","score":0.7688877582550049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transferability","display_name":"Transferability","score":0.7260448336601257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5038651823997498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5008683204650879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5003395080566406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44645795226097107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.42691460251808167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3302420973777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.16281789541244507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.08487585186958313}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8375654816627502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.7688877582550049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61272859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834031","display_name":"Transferability","level":3,"score":0.7260448336601257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5038651823997498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5008683204650879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5003395080566406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44645795226097107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.42691460251808167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3302420973777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.16281789541244507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08487585186958313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140331021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1868104","display_name":"Logit","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3292319","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3292319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.ca:cistinparc:e05be7ba-cd8c-42b8-9f3a-71d65f54ada0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=e05be7ba-cd8c-42b8-9f3a-71d65f54ada0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055245","display_name":"NPARC","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6148688683","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN 231074","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334601","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W564183140","https://openalex.org/W1548644355","https://openalex.org/W1977177161","https://openalex.org/W1987552279","https://openalex.org/W1989606042","https://openalex.org/W2062152791","https://openalex.org/W2088794999","https://openalex.org/W2119479037","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2166856083","https://openalex.org/W2167101736","https://openalex.org/W2513938788","https://openalex.org/W2539615548","https://openalex.org/W2574448563","https://openalex.org/W2606090416","https://openalex.org/W2754804809","https://openalex.org/W2759650476","https://openalex.org/W2969012750","https://openalex.org/W2972183081","https://openalex.org/W2980558733","https://openalex.org/W2990772077","https://openalex.org/W3004493192","https://openalex.org/W3017210109","https://openalex.org/W3041133507","https://openalex.org/W3044929070","https://openalex.org/W3080382294","https://openalex.org/W3085712007","https://openalex.org/W3093887260","https://openalex.org/W3108225283","https://openalex.org/W3214263053","https://openalex.org/W4205758417","https://openalex.org/W4214813984","https://openalex.org/W4220805132","https://openalex.org/W4245409806","https://openalex.org/W4287074685","https://openalex.org/W4293093536","https://openalex.org/W6615722650","https://openalex.org/W6732005117","https://openalex.org/W6744392808","https://openalex.org/W6780335851","https://openalex.org/W6799282780"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4399895933","https://openalex.org/W2161221533","https://openalex.org/W4229699405","https://openalex.org/W1666484574","https://openalex.org/W2216382288","https://openalex.org/W2355491300","https://openalex.org/W4234629551","https://openalex.org/W2011110943","https://openalex.org/W2028856635","https://openalex.org/W4251615416"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,159],"lack":[1],"of":[2,10,26,51,92,105,168,186,216],"appropriate":[3],"cyber":[4],"security":[5,18],"measures":[6],"deployed":[7],"on":[8,89,251],"Internet":[9],"Things":[11],"(IoT)":[12],"makes":[13],"these":[14,27],"devices":[15,29,41],"prone":[16],"to":[17,39,77,113,178,193,201],"issues.":[19],"Consequently,":[20],"the":[21,52,59,71,90,114,118,123,128,135,146,151,156,165,173,205,209,214,217,241,244],"timely":[22],"identification":[23,57,162],"and":[24,56,64,100,154,197,236,249],"detection":[25],"compromised":[28],"become":[30],"crucial.":[31],"Machine":[32],"learning":[33,75,95,107,171],"(ML)":[34],"models":[35,188],"which":[36,203],"are":[37,189,204,247],"used":[38],"monitor":[40],"in":[42,54,70,117,127,199],"a":[43,67,85,141,179,252],"network":[44],"have":[45],"made":[46],"tremendous":[47],"strides.":[48],"However,":[49],"most":[50,74,206],"research":[53],"profiling":[55,99],"uses":[58,164],"same":[60],"data":[61,72,116,133],"for":[62,96,182,208],"training":[63,132],"testing.":[65,183],"Hence,":[66],"slight":[68],"change":[69],"renders":[73],"algorithms":[76],"work":[78],"poorly.":[79],"In":[80],"this":[81,103],"article,":[82],"we":[83,139],"study":[84],"transferability":[86,211],"approach":[87],"based":[88],"concept":[91,167],"transductive":[93,169],"transfer":[94,106,170],"IoT":[97],"device":[98,147,160,219],"identification.":[101],"Notably,":[102],"type":[104,148,161,220],"works":[108],"by":[109,121,224],"explicitly":[110],"assigning":[111],"labels":[112],"test":[115,124],"target":[119,129],"domain":[120],"using":[122,225],"feature":[125],"space":[126],"domain,":[130],"with":[131,191],"from":[134,243],"source":[136],"domain.":[137],"Specifically,":[138],"propose":[140],"three-component":[142],"system":[143],"comprising:":[144],"1)":[145,229],"identification;":[149],"2)":[150,231],"vulnerability":[152,215,227,245],"assessment;":[153],"3)":[155,237],"visualization":[157],"module.":[158],"component":[163],"underlying":[166],"where":[172],"trained":[174],"model":[175],"is":[176,221],"transferred":[177],"remote":[180],"lab":[181],"A":[184],"variety":[185],"ML":[187],"evaluated":[190],"respect":[192],"accuracy,":[194],"precision,":[195],"recall,":[196],"F1-score":[198],"order":[200],"determine":[202],"suitable":[207],"proposed":[210],"profiling.":[212],"Furthermore,":[213],"predicted":[218],"also":[222],"assessed":[223],"three":[226],"databases:":[228],"Vulners;":[230],"National":[232],"Vulnerability":[233],"Database":[234],"(NVD);":[235],"IBM":[238],"X-Force.":[239],"Finally,":[240],"results":[242],"assessment":[246],"visualized":[248],"displayed":[250],"dashboard.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}