{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4383113604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3292171","title":"A Method for Detecting Phishing Websites Based on Tiny-Bert Stacking","display_name":"A Method for Detecting Phishing Websites Based on Tiny-Bert Stacking","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4383113604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3292171"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3292171","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3292171","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082144617","display_name":"Daojing He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3820-8128"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daojing He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3820-8128","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104139165","display_name":"Xin Lv","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4510145","display_name":"Jiangxi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03q0t9252","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4510145"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, China","School of Information Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4510145"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4510145"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110207149","display_name":"Shanshan Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2277-3648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shanshan Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics and Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China","School of Economics and Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics and Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics and Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091879207","display_name":"Sammy Chan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8524-229X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sammy Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong","Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8524-229X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001746807","display_name":"Kim\u2010Kwang Raymond Choo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9208-5336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems and Cyber Security, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9208-5336","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems and Cyber Security, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082144617"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.252,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97890922,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"2","first_page":"2236","last_page":"2243"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12016","display_name":"Web Data Mining and Analysis","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phishing","display_name":"Phishing","score":0.886836051940918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8583126068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.557174563407898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5530018210411072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5492579340934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stacking","display_name":"Stacking","score":0.5121734142303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48344358801841736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4822443425655365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.46235546469688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall","display_name":"Precision and recall","score":0.4198184609413147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3453376889228821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3017491102218628}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83860907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135005","display_name":"Phishing","level":3,"score":0.886836051940918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8583126068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.557174563407898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5530018210411072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5492579340934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33347731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285210","display_name":"Stacking","level":2,"score":0.5121734142303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48344358801841736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4822443425655365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.46235546469688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.4198184609413147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3453376889228821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3017491102218628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46141821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209402","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3292171","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3292171","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2753506966","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KCXST20221021111404010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336569","funder_display_name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5642743500","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JSGG20220831103400002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336569","funder_display_name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6499369327","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"171058","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326297","funder_display_name":"Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7035428244","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CityU 11201421","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","funder_display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","ror":"https://ror.org/00djwmt25"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326297","display_name":"Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336569","display_name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28412257","https://openalex.org/W1956181181","https://openalex.org/W1981963489","https://openalex.org/W1988068423","https://openalex.org/W1990188874","https://openalex.org/W2028223155","https://openalex.org/W2090059585","https://openalex.org/W2139565456","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2336566325","https://openalex.org/W2898227265","https://openalex.org/W2972765591","https://openalex.org/W2994673331","https://openalex.org/W3005738624","https://openalex.org/W3013713517","https://openalex.org/W3015534721","https://openalex.org/W3042334625","https://openalex.org/W3105966348","https://openalex.org/W3112545613","https://openalex.org/W3118329104","https://openalex.org/W3123603445","https://openalex.org/W3126238986","https://openalex.org/W4252993239","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6745609711","https://openalex.org/W6755712434","https://openalex.org/W7033176457"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2149202530","https://openalex.org/W2807822918","https://openalex.org/W2921723332","https://openalex.org/W2035329725","https://openalex.org/W2482950156","https://openalex.org/W4396966040","https://openalex.org/W2305322260","https://openalex.org/W3139248031","https://openalex.org/W3042334625","https://openalex.org/W4200017362"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,55,145],"Internet":[1],"is":[2,11,32,62,108,148,188],"an":[3,173],"indispensable":[4],"part":[5],"of":[6,58,127,162,176,183],"our":[7],"lives.":[8],"Therefore,":[9],"it":[10],"very":[12],"important":[13],"to":[14,63,66,159,178,185],"ensure":[15],"network":[16,22,30],"security":[17],"and":[18,28,73,78,100,106,123,141,187],"maintain":[19],"a":[20,26,46,87,151,180],"safe":[21],"environment.":[23],"Phishing,":[24],"as":[25],"low-cost":[27],"imperceptible":[29],"attack,":[31],"rampant":[33],"in":[34,82,135],"the":[35,59,75,103,109,124,136,160,163,165,169],"world\u2019s":[36],"information":[37],"networks.":[38],"To":[39],"address":[40],"this":[41,43],"issue,":[42],"paper":[44],"proposes":[45],"phishing":[47,117,156],"website":[48,70],"detection":[49,113],"model":[50,61,114,147,171],"based":[51,153],"on":[52,154],"tiny-Bert":[53,65],"stacking.":[54],"core":[56],"concept":[57],"proposed":[60,146,170],"use":[64],"extract":[67],"features":[68,77,81],"from":[69],"URL":[71],"strings,":[72],"learn":[74],"semantic":[76],"long-range":[79],"dependent":[80],"URLs.":[83],"Then":[84],"we":[85],"build":[86],"Stacking":[88,128],"algorithm-based":[89],"classifier":[90],"which":[91],"includes":[92],"four":[93],"basic":[94,125],"learners":[95,126],"among":[96],"which,":[97],"CatBoost,":[98],"XGBoost":[99],"LightGBM":[101],"are":[102],"first-level":[104],"learners,":[105],"GBDT":[107],"second-level":[110],"learner.":[111],"This":[112],"can":[115,129],"identify":[116],"websites":[118],"without":[119],"manual":[120],"feature":[121],"extraction,":[122],"compensate":[130],"each":[131],"other":[132],"for":[133],"errors":[134],"classification":[137],"process,":[138],"improve":[139],"generalization,":[140],"achieve":[142],"higher":[143],"accuracy.":[144],"evaluated":[149],"using":[150],"dataset":[152],"real":[155],"websites.":[157],"Compared":[158],"state":[161],"art,":[164],"results":[166],"show":[167],"that":[168],"has":[172],"accuracy":[174],"rate":[175,182],"up":[177,184],"99.14%,":[179],"recall":[181],"99.13%,":[186],"more":[189],"stable.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-15T08:27:34.491423","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}