{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4382658167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3291051","title":"T-HSER: Transformer Network Enabling Heart Sound Envelope Signal Reconstruction Based on Low Sampling Rate Millimeter Wave Radar","display_name":"T-HSER: Transformer Network Enabling Heart Sound Envelope Signal Reconstruction Based on Low Sampling Rate Millimeter Wave Radar","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4382658167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3291051"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3291051","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3291051","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101499601","display_name":"Haibo Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7127-6798"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haibo Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Imaging and Sensing Microelectronic Technology, and the Tianjin Digital Information Technology Research Center, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7127-6798","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Imaging and Sensing Microelectronic Technology, and the Tianjin Digital Information Technology Research Center, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008563672","display_name":"Yongtao Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6240-5749"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongtao Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Imaging and Sensing Microelectronic Technology, and the Tianjin Digital Information Technology Research Center, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6240-5749","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Imaging and Sensing Microelectronic Technology, and the Tianjin Digital Information Technology Research Center, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084469256","display_name":"Yuxiang Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9746-8619"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxiang Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Imaging and Sensing Microelectronic Technology, and the Tianjin Digital Information Technology Research Center, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9746-8619","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Imaging and Sensing Microelectronic Technology, and the Tianjin Digital Information Technology Research Center, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004459431","display_name":"Chenglong Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1089-7088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenglong Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Imaging and Sensing Microelectronic Technology, and the Tianjin Digital Information Technology Research Center, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1089-7088","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Imaging and Sensing Microelectronic Technology, and the Tianjin Digital Information Technology Research Center, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053881272","display_name":"Xinyue Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3447-9369"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyue Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Imaging and Sensing Microelectronic Technology, and the Tianjin Digital Information Technology Research Center, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Imaging and Sensing Microelectronic Technology, and the Tianjin Digital Information Technology Research Center, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101499601"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5235,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93230228,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"1","first_page":"1616","last_page":"1628"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12537","display_name":"Flow Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9678000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9603999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6482064723968506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.5380065441131592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.5357356071472168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/envelope","display_name":"Envelope (radar)","score":0.4693145751953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-wave-radar","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","score":0.4639342427253723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.46123313903808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.44611671566963196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-signal-processing","display_name":"Radar signal processing","score":0.4451877176761627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-doppler-radar","display_name":"Pulse-Doppler radar","score":0.4292793571949005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.3522096276283264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.33127185702323914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.2502979040145874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.19656914472579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16233491897583008}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6482064723968506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.5380065441131592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.5357356071472168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65155139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5380912","display_name":"Envelope (radar)","level":3,"score":0.4693145751953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59584813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029234","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","level":4,"score":0.4639342427253723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.46123313903808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.44611671566963196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987759513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar signal processing","level":4,"score":0.4451877176761627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139931591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029151","display_name":"Pulse-Doppler radar","level":4,"score":0.4292793571949005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.3522096276283264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.33127185702323914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.2502979040145874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.19656914472579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16233491897583008}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3291051","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3291051","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6102595679","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20JCYBJC00860","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323993","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7841186204","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019YFB2102405","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323993","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1572104243","https://openalex.org/W1976385016","https://openalex.org/W2023450728","https://openalex.org/W2301158262","https://openalex.org/W2346191743","https://openalex.org/W2356802956","https://openalex.org/W2471074815","https://openalex.org/W2507908806","https://openalex.org/W2527365494","https://openalex.org/W2561696946","https://openalex.org/W2569153801","https://openalex.org/W2581555918","https://openalex.org/W2625773758","https://openalex.org/W2752747624","https://openalex.org/W2774397041","https://openalex.org/W2784051751","https://openalex.org/W2789436454","https://openalex.org/W2790457091","https://openalex.org/W2792764867","https://openalex.org/W2799045344","https://openalex.org/W2805713564","https://openalex.org/W2805923678","https://openalex.org/W2808531744","https://openalex.org/W2884613329","https://openalex.org/W2948952071","https://openalex.org/W2969876817","https://openalex.org/W2979701705","https://openalex.org/W2982067315","https://openalex.org/W2994572265","https://openalex.org/W3008947817","https://openalex.org/W3036882247","https://openalex.org/W3040210021","https://openalex.org/W3089079408","https://openalex.org/W3158844943","https://openalex.org/W3188872815","https://openalex.org/W3191211720","https://openalex.org/W3209621104","https://openalex.org/W3215263636","https://openalex.org/W4226059311","https://openalex.org/W4256340279","https://openalex.org/W4286850439","https://openalex.org/W4296473256","https://openalex.org/W4309794375","https://openalex.org/W4376150703","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6749825310","https://openalex.org/W6804215335"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1510207229","https://openalex.org/W2621367011","https://openalex.org/W2891601849","https://openalex.org/W597465370","https://openalex.org/W2371892896","https://openalex.org/W2041952770","https://openalex.org/W3198035111","https://openalex.org/W4312937430","https://openalex.org/W2111327083","https://openalex.org/W1806106249"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"four":[1,138,213],"stages":[2,30,140,214],"(first":[3],"heart":[4,9,78,91,127,143,177,217],"sound":[5,10,79,92,128,144,178,218],"(S1),":[6],"systole,":[7],"second":[8],"(S2),":[11],"and":[12,109,135,161,208,230,236],"diastole)":[13],"of":[14,25,44,55,63,76,106,141,152,157,165,194,201,215,234,263],"heartbeat":[15],"sounds":[16],"recorded":[17],"by":[18,35],"contact":[19],"seismocardiogram":[20],"(SCG)":[21],"reflect":[22],"the":[23,26,41,53,60,74,120,132,137,142,150,162,168,175,185,202,212,216,221,227,231,246,249,261],"health":[24],"heart,":[27],"but":[28],"these":[29],"are":[31],"challenging":[32],"to":[33,173],"measure":[34],"noncontact":[36],"millimeter":[37,45,83],"wave":[38,46,84],"radar.":[39],"If":[40],"sampling":[42,255],"rate":[43,256],"radar":[47,85,122],"is":[48,103,114,171,197,238,251],"increased,":[49],"this":[50],"will":[51],"increase":[52],"amount":[54,262],"data":[56,264],"storage":[57,265],"needed":[58],"for":[59,72,253],"long-term":[61],"monitoring":[62],"human":[64],"vital":[65],"signs.":[66],"This":[67,117],"article":[68],"presents":[69],"an":[70],"algorithm":[71,95,170,250],"reconstructing":[73],"envelope":[75,93,129,179],"high-frequency":[77,126,176],"signals":[80],"using":[81,145],"low-frequency":[82,121],"signals,":[86],"as":[87,89],"well":[88],"a":[90,104,110,125,240],"segmentation":[94],"based":[96],"on":[97,149,191],"peak":[98],"points.":[99],"Its":[100],"design":[101],"principle":[102],"combination":[105],"signal":[107,123,130,180],"processing":[108],"transformer":[111,133],"network,":[112],"which":[113,196,258],"called":[115],"T-HSER.":[116],"technique":[118],"maps":[119],"into":[124],"through":[131],"network":[134],"determines":[136],"different":[139],"appropriate":[146],"thresholds.":[147],"Based":[148],"training":[151],"more":[153],"than":[154,199],"30000":[155],"heartbeats":[156],"25":[158],"healthy":[159],"subjects":[160],"prediction":[163],"evaluation":[164],"six":[166],"subjects,":[167],"T-HSER":[169],"shown":[172],"reconstruct":[174],"with":[181],"high":[182],"correlation.":[183],"Moreover,":[184],"mean":[186,222],"correlation":[187],"can":[188,209],"reach":[189],"0.85":[190],"one":[192],"minute":[193],"data,":[195],"higher":[198],"that":[200,220],"bidirectional":[203],"long":[204],"short-term":[205],"memory":[206],"algorithm,":[207],"effectively":[210],"distinguish":[211],"so":[219],"absolute":[223],"error":[224],"(MAE)":[225],"between":[226],"predicted":[228],"value":[229],"ground":[232],"truth":[233],"S1":[235],"S2":[237],"within":[239],"tolerable":[241],"range":[242],"(70":[243],"ms).":[244],"At":[245],"same":[247],"time,":[248],"suitable":[252],"low":[254],"radar,":[257],"greatly":[259],"reduces":[260],"required.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
