{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4381733142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3288678","title":"Combining Riemann\u2013Lebesgue-Based Key Generator and Machine-Learning-Based Intelligent Encryption Scheme for IoMT Images Infosecurity","display_name":"Combining Riemann\u2013Lebesgue-Based Key Generator and Machine-Learning-Based Intelligent Encryption Scheme for IoMT Images Infosecurity","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4381733142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3288678"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3288678","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3288678","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016379690","display_name":"Chia\u2010Hung Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65446980","display_name":"National Chin-Yi University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040bs6h16","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65446980"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chia-Hung Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0150-8001","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65446980"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110455694","display_name":"Hsiang\u2010Yueh Lai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65446980","display_name":"National Chin-Yi University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040bs6h16","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65446980"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hsiang-Yueh Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65446980"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061116806","display_name":"Ping\u2010Tzan Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1645-8986"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65446980","display_name":"National Chin-Yi University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040bs6h16","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65446980"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ping-Tzan Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1645-8986","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65446980"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085053317","display_name":"Pi-Yun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1460-7116"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43518871","display_name":"National Kaohsiung Marine University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ca6fy54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43518871"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154394","display_name":"National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00hfj7g70","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pi-Yun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Maritime Information and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1460-7116","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Maritime Information and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394","https://openalex.org/I43518871"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051299730","display_name":"Neng\u2010Sheng Pai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9439-7648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65446980","display_name":"National Chin-Yi University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040bs6h16","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65446980"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neng-Sheng Pai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9439-7648","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65446980"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010561836","display_name":"Feng\u2010Zhou Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65446980","display_name":"National Chin-Yi University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040bs6h16","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65446980"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng-Zhou Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65446980"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016379690"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65446980"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7662,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86991987,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"1","first_page":"1344","last_page":"1360"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9298999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5771785974502563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5276949405670166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5023863315582275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4637641906738281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-theorem-proving","display_name":"Automated theorem proving","score":0.4613722562789917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generator","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","score":0.4513961672782898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.44509702920913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44423583149909973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/riemann-hypothesis","display_name":"Riemann hypothesis","score":0.41291341185569763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3833795189857483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algebra-over-a-field","display_name":"Algebra over a field","score":0.3683784008026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.36810797452926636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.3610509932041168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pure-mathematics","display_name":"Pure mathematics","score":0.22143104672431946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.14115449786186218}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5771785974502563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5276949405670166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5023863315582275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4637641906738281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206880738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431667","display_name":"Automated theorem proving","level":2,"score":0.4613722562789917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.4513961672782898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.44509702920913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44423583149909973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199479865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205966","display_name":"Riemann hypothesis","level":2,"score":0.41291341185569763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3833795189857483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136119220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000660","display_name":"Algebra over a field","level":2,"score":0.3683784008026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.36810797452926636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.3610509932041168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.22143104672431946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.14115449786186218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3288678","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3288678","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1904878066","https://openalex.org/W1927410363","https://openalex.org/W1966242839","https://openalex.org/W1988591348","https://openalex.org/W1996247619","https://openalex.org/W1999187796","https://openalex.org/W2009621772","https://openalex.org/W2017296724","https://openalex.org/W2046549384","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2142432849","https://openalex.org/W2315583014","https://openalex.org/W2425286230","https://openalex.org/W2475191673","https://openalex.org/W2613912370","https://openalex.org/W2799272779","https://openalex.org/W2884760936","https://openalex.org/W2913785970","https://openalex.org/W2914945329","https://openalex.org/W2956215630","https://openalex.org/W2963761300","https://openalex.org/W2980577974","https://openalex.org/W2983921098","https://openalex.org/W2986186111","https://openalex.org/W3003709589","https://openalex.org/W3007388424","https://openalex.org/W3015896431","https://openalex.org/W3019381213","https://openalex.org/W3033465161","https://openalex.org/W3046108963","https://openalex.org/W3091713371","https://openalex.org/W3100777112","https://openalex.org/W3110885177","https://openalex.org/W3126165053","https://openalex.org/W3127303671","https://openalex.org/W3127681459","https://openalex.org/W3133897348","https://openalex.org/W3155713827","https://openalex.org/W3178762396","https://openalex.org/W3195763065","https://openalex.org/W3216318873","https://openalex.org/W4200282840","https://openalex.org/W4220801928","https://openalex.org/W4223919262","https://openalex.org/W4285271567","https://openalex.org/W4285677486","https://openalex.org/W4324118052","https://openalex.org/W4360994575","https://openalex.org/W6639867372","https://openalex.org/W6717539790"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2100090372","https://openalex.org/W4361205702","https://openalex.org/W2385965183","https://openalex.org/W2013342653","https://openalex.org/W2901818815","https://openalex.org/W4289281780","https://openalex.org/W2359552542","https://openalex.org/W2374897487","https://openalex.org/W4205163163","https://openalex.org/W2054159849"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Imaging":[0],"examinations,":[1],"such":[2,20],"as":[3,21],"chest":[4],"X-ray":[5],"(CXR)":[6],"images,":[7,254],"can":[8,60],"be":[9],"used":[10,171,218,240,269],"for":[11,89,297],"early":[12],"detection":[13],"of":[14,41,46,142,235,257,285,290],"diseases":[15],"inside":[16],"the":[17,38,77,98,135,140,143,174,189,210,213,232,255,272,299],"human":[18],"body,":[19],"lung":[22],"cancer,":[23],"and":[24,66,82,160,178,183,205,239,247,262,275,287,294],"cardio-pulmonary-related":[25],"diseases;":[26],"however,":[27],"they":[28],"may":[29],"contain":[30],"patients\u2019":[31],"private":[32],"information,":[33],"which":[34,169],"raises":[35],"concerns":[36],"about":[37],"security":[39,273,300],"levels":[40],"medical":[42,62],"images":[43,228,296],"in":[44,56,188,307],"Internet":[45],"Medical":[47],"Things":[48],"(IoMT)":[49],"systems.":[50,309],"The":[51,93,192,278],"promising":[52],"authorization":[53],"protocol":[54,74],"algorithm":[55],"5th-generation":[57],"networking":[58],"technology":[59],"protect":[61],"image":[63,91,203,221,243],"confidentiality,":[64],"recoverability,":[65],"availability.":[67],"Hence,":[68],"we":[69],"propose":[70],"a":[71,83],"symmetric":[72],"cryptography":[73,87,215],"based":[75],"on":[76,209],"Riemann\u2013Lebesgue":[78],"(R\u2013L)-based":[79],"key":[80,95,190],"generator":[81,96],"machine":[84],"learning":[85],"(ML)-based":[86],"scheme":[88,194,216],"CXR":[90,227,237],"infosecurity.":[92],"R\u2013L-based":[94],"uses":[97,195],"composite":[99],"function,":[100],"<inline-formula":[101,108,117,125,146,153,162],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[102,109,118,126,147,154,163],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[103,110,119,127,148,155,164],"<tex-math":[104,111,120,128,149,156,165],"notation=\"LaTeX\">${g}$":[105,150],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[106,113,122,130,151,158,167],"(":[107,152],"notation=\"LaTeX\">${x}$":[112,129,157],")":[114,123],"\u2022":[115,124],"sin((1/2":[116],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$+\\,\\,{N}$":[121],"),":[131,159],"to":[132,172,179,200,219,241,270],"dynamically":[133],"produce":[134,173],"oscillation":[136],"function":[137,145],"by":[138],"controlling":[139],"terms":[141],"nonlinear":[144],"frequency":[161],"notation=\"LaTeX\">${N}$":[166],",":[168],"are":[170,229,268],"random-":[175],"number":[176,256],"seed":[177],"select":[180],"nonordered":[181],"numbers":[182],"nonrepeated":[184],"256":[185],"secret":[186,198],"keys":[187,199],"space.":[191],"ML-based":[193,214],"these":[196],"random":[197],"train":[201],"an":[202,282],"encryptor":[204],"decryptor,":[206],"respectively.":[207],"Based":[208],"diffusion":[211],"method,":[212],"is":[217],"change":[220,259],"pixel":[222,258],"values.":[223],"For":[224,250],"evaluation":[225],"experiments,":[226],"collected":[230],"from":[231],"National":[233],"Institutes":[234],"Health":[236],"database":[238],"evaluate":[242,271],"quality":[244],"after":[245],"encryption":[246],"decryption":[248,276],"processes.":[249],"different":[251],"cardiopulmonary-related":[252],"disease":[253],"rates":[260],"(NPCRs)":[261],"unified":[263],"averaged":[264],"changed":[265],"intensity":[266],"(UACI)":[267],"level":[274],"quality.":[277],"experimental":[279],"results":[280],"show":[281],"average":[283,288],"NPCR":[284],"99.6%":[286],"UACI":[289],"32.61%":[291],"between":[292],"plain":[293],"cipher":[295],"evaluating":[298],"level,":[301],"enabling":[302],"further":[303],"online":[304],"diagnosis":[305],"applications":[306],"IoMT":[308]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}