{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4377079705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3277753","title":"Soft Actor\u2013Critic-Based Computation Offloading in Multiuser MEC-Enabled IoT\u2014A Lifetime Maximization Perspective","display_name":"Soft Actor\u2013Critic-Based Computation Offloading in Multiuser MEC-Enabled IoT\u2014A Lifetime Maximization Perspective","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4377079705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3277753"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3277753","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3277753","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061046404","display_name":"Ali Reza Heidarpour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5548-9697"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ali Reza Heidarpour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5548-9697","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002436030","display_name":"Mohammad Reza Heidarpour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2819-2556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170013655","display_name":"Isfahan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00af3sa43","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170013655"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Reza Heidarpour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2819-2556","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170013655"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008826983","display_name":"Masoud Ardakani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masoud Ardakani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5997-1093","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060881187","display_name":"Chintha Tellambura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9419-7195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chintha Tellambura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9419-7195","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018973008","display_name":"Murat Uysal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5945-0813"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Murat Uysal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, &#x00D6;zye&#x011F;in University, Istanbul, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5945-0813","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, &#x00D6;zye&#x011F;in University, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061046404"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.722,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95310522,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"20","first_page":"17571","last_page":"17584"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8183565139770508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-edge-computing","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","score":0.6157451272010803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation-offloading","display_name":"Computation offloading","score":0.5652919411659241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading","display_name":"Fading","score":0.4712771773338318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth-allocation","display_name":"Bandwidth allocation","score":0.4338938593864441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.38628312945365906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.3568462133407593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.3128887116909027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.3064315617084503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.27609068155288696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.191205233335495}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8183565139770508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.6157451272010803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.5652919411659241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.4712771773338318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200157131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4854763","display_name":"Bandwidth allocation","level":3,"score":0.4338938593864441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.38628312945365906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.3568462133407593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.3128887116909027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3064315617084503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.27609068155288696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.191205233335495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3277753","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3277753","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8100000023841858,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W182605591","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W2100940428","https://openalex.org/W2116175219","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2150516182","https://openalex.org/W2468342961","https://openalex.org/W2511425482","https://openalex.org/W2608659040","https://openalex.org/W2624989916","https://openalex.org/W2746553466","https://openalex.org/W2781726626","https://openalex.org/W2898035736","https://openalex.org/W2904246096","https://openalex.org/W2904994737","https://openalex.org/W2912388589","https://openalex.org/W2963060851","https://openalex.org/W2963334314","https://openalex.org/W2963789838","https://openalex.org/W2964098968","https://openalex.org/W2968052242","https://openalex.org/W2968450700","https://openalex.org/W2977266194","https://openalex.org/W3000360773","https://openalex.org/W3024155406","https://openalex.org/W3030218575","https://openalex.org/W3034730089","https://openalex.org/W3045907565","https://openalex.org/W3097412764","https://openalex.org/W3117145695","https://openalex.org/W3172247901","https://openalex.org/W3196226093","https://openalex.org/W3196359308","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4281754613","https://openalex.org/W4295934714","https://openalex.org/W6607432528","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6747473740","https://openalex.org/W6757592117"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200420173","https://openalex.org/W3120617837","https://openalex.org/W3127808443","https://openalex.org/W2916011811","https://openalex.org/W3034137700","https://openalex.org/W4362496467","https://openalex.org/W2896883851","https://openalex.org/W2917127270","https://openalex.org/W2902693277","https://openalex.org/W4378977105"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"studies":[2],"the":[3,45,50,77,81,86,88,92,97,102,107,116,119,140,165,174],"network":[4,166],"lifetime":[5,68,167,185],"optimization":[6],"problem":[7],"in":[8],"a":[9,24,28,60,128,133,183,207],"multiuser":[10],"mobile-edge":[11],"computing":[12,152,156],"(MEC)-enabled":[13],"Internet":[14],"of":[15,30,142,195,211],"Things":[16],"(IoT)":[17],"system":[18],"comprising":[19],"an":[20],"access":[21],"point":[22],"(AP),":[23],"MEC":[25,98,120],"server,":[26],"and":[27,55,91,110,118,132,158,170,176,198,203,214],"set":[29],"<inline-formula":[31],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[32],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[33],"<tex-math":[34],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$K$":[35],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[36],"mobile":[37],"devices":[38],"(MDs)":[39],"with":[40,144],"limited":[41],"battery":[42,47],"capacity.":[43],"Considering":[44],"residual":[46],"energy":[48],"at":[49,85,96,115],"MDs,":[51,87],"stochastic":[52],"task":[53,78,103],"arrivals,":[54],"time-varying":[56],"wireless":[57],"fading":[58],"channels,":[59],"soft":[61],"actor\u2013critic":[62],"(SAC)-based":[63],"deep":[64],"reinforcement":[65],"learning":[66],"(DRL)":[67],"maximization,":[69],"called":[70],"DeepLM,":[71],"is":[72,191,200],"proposed":[73],"to":[74,101,173],"jointly":[75],"optimize":[76],"splitting":[79],"ratio,":[80],"local":[82,155],"CPU-cycle":[83,93,112],"frequencies":[84],"bandwidth":[89,108],"allocation,":[90],"frequency":[94,113],"allocation":[95],"server":[99],"subject":[100],"queuing":[104],"backlogs":[105],"constraint,":[106,109],"maximum":[111],"constraints":[114],"MDs":[117],"server.":[121],"Our":[122],"results":[123],"reveal":[124],"that":[125,194],"DeepLM":[126,143,163],"enjoys":[127],"fast":[129],"convergence":[130],"rate":[131],"small":[134],"oscillation":[135],"amplitude.":[136],"We":[137],"also":[138],"compare":[139],"performance":[141,209],"three":[145],"benchmark":[146],"offloading":[147,161],"schemes,":[148],"namely,":[149],"fully":[150,154],"edge":[151],"(FEC),":[153],"(FLC),":[157],"random":[159],"computation":[160],"(RCO).":[162],"increases":[164],"by":[168],"496%":[169],"229%":[171],"compared":[172],"FLC":[175],"RCO":[177,199],"schemes.":[178],"Interestingly,":[179],"it":[180],"achieves":[181],"such":[182],"colossal":[184],"improvement":[186],"when":[187],"its":[188],"nonbacklog":[189],"probability":[190],"0.99,":[192],"while":[193],"FEC,":[196],"FLC,":[197],"0.69,":[201],"0.53,":[202],"0.25,":[204],"respectively,":[205],"showing":[206],"significant":[208],"gain":[210],"30%,":[212],"46%,":[213],"74%.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}