{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366310719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3268113","title":"LoRa Backscatter Communications: Temporal, Spectral, and Error Performance Analysis","display_name":"LoRa Backscatter Communications: Temporal, Spectral, and Error Performance Analysis","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366310719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3268113"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3268113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3268113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.02323","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086113646","display_name":"Ganghui Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3436-3737"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ganghui Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3436-3737","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049632490","display_name":"Ahmed Elzanaty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8854-8369"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Elzanaty","raw_affiliation_strings":["5GIC &#x0026; 6GIC, Institute for Communication Systems, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8854-8369","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"5GIC &#x0026; 6GIC, Institute for Communication Systems, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083193286","display_name":"Mohamed\u2010Slim Alouini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4827-1793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed-Slim Alouini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4827-1793","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1614,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77574623,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"18","first_page":"16412","last_page":"16426"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/additive-white-gaussian-noise","display_name":"Additive white Gaussian noise","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6840643286705017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fast-fourier-transform","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","score":0.6404274702072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5251333713531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-density","display_name":"Spectral density","score":0.4869607388973236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.4827834665775299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.47074609994888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.46417877078056335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.44779467582702637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading","display_name":"Fading","score":0.42681053280830383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.4220660924911499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-noise","display_name":"White noise","score":0.2958865463733673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.21489182114601135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.14798274636268616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1176794171333313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11064502596855164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169334058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q353292","display_name":"Additive white Gaussian noise","level":3,"score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6840643286705017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75172450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623950","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.6404274702072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5251333713531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168110828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331626","display_name":"Spectral density","level":2,"score":0.4869607388973236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.4827834665775299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.47074609994888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.46417877078056335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.44779467582702637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.42681053280830383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.4220660924911499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112633086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381287","display_name":"White noise","level":2,"score":0.2958865463733673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.21489182114601135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.14798274636268616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1176794171333313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11064502596855164}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3268113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3268113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2306.02323","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2306.02323","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.02323","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.kaust.edu.sa:10754/691446","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10754/691446","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401596","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Repository (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","host_organization_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2306.02323","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2306.02323","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.02323","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8600000143051147,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4366310719.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4366310719.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W595252221","https://openalex.org/W1527145448","https://openalex.org/W1816134936","https://openalex.org/W2018667077","https://openalex.org/W2059784307","https://openalex.org/W2103972037","https://openalex.org/W2114885516","https://openalex.org/W2170596266","https://openalex.org/W2493309683","https://openalex.org/W2495264776","https://openalex.org/W2512920678","https://openalex.org/W2547258922","https://openalex.org/W2560844389","https://openalex.org/W2615463707","https://openalex.org/W2775135700","https://openalex.org/W2792195154","https://openalex.org/W2797437008","https://openalex.org/W2798333393","https://openalex.org/W2799111835","https://openalex.org/W2809209059","https://openalex.org/W2855857260","https://openalex.org/W2907829160","https://openalex.org/W2914141889","https://openalex.org/W2919409811","https://openalex.org/W2946002061","https://openalex.org/W2946248107","https://openalex.org/W2951615004","https://openalex.org/W2962691290","https://openalex.org/W2979547392","https://openalex.org/W2991027810","https://openalex.org/W3002159761","https://openalex.org/W3017347311","https://openalex.org/W3046173074","https://openalex.org/W3047340865","https://openalex.org/W3096798704","https://openalex.org/W3098869552","https://openalex.org/W3100653015","https://openalex.org/W3103330349","https://openalex.org/W3113221786","https://openalex.org/W3124782598","https://openalex.org/W3129882829","https://openalex.org/W3137655474","https://openalex.org/W3140440502","https://openalex.org/W3158669190","https://openalex.org/W3161639401","https://openalex.org/W3163142310","https://openalex.org/W3172372673","https://openalex.org/W3209645431","https://openalex.org/W3209997279","https://openalex.org/W4200317519","https://openalex.org/W4210475892","https://openalex.org/W4230959423","https://openalex.org/W4242781462","https://openalex.org/W4246142222","https://openalex.org/W4285258860","https://openalex.org/W4287375618","https://openalex.org/W4294657470","https://openalex.org/W4298011022","https://openalex.org/W4300223101","https://openalex.org/W4300551120","https://openalex.org/W4300980181","https://openalex.org/W4308631944","https://openalex.org/W4319157832","https://openalex.org/W6785540503","https://openalex.org/W6785786939"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2327053383","https://openalex.org/W2356834760","https://openalex.org/W1964600846","https://openalex.org/W2127563499","https://openalex.org/W2030191005","https://openalex.org/W1865172210","https://openalex.org/W2161378541","https://openalex.org/W2044803233","https://openalex.org/W2072173722","https://openalex.org/W1634417799"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"LoRa":[0,167],"backscatter":[1],"(LB)":[2],"communication":[3],"systems":[4],"can":[5,160],"be":[6],"considered":[7],"as":[8],"a":[9,47,74,137,162,169],"potential":[10],"candidate":[11],"for":[12,50,55,77,124],"ultra-low-power":[13],"wide-area":[14],"networks":[15],"(LPWANs)":[16],"because":[17],"of":[18,59,70,89,141,172],"their":[19],"low":[20,23],"cost":[21],"and":[22,40,99,112],"power":[24,79],"consumption.":[25],"In":[26],"this":[27],"article,":[28],"we":[29,45,65,82],"comprehensively":[30],"analyze":[31],"LB":[32,51,71,90,125],"modulation":[33],"from":[34],"various":[35],"aspects,":[36],"i.e.,":[37,94],"temporal,":[38],"spectral,":[39],"error":[41,86,145],"performance":[42,163],"characteristics.":[43],"First,":[44],"propose":[46],"signal":[48],"model":[49],"signals":[52],"that":[53,121],"accounts":[54],"the":[56,62,67,78,84,95,127,144,150,157],"limited":[57],"number":[58,140,171],"loads":[60],"in":[61,105],"tag.":[63],"Then,":[64],"investigate":[66],"spectral":[68,118],"properties":[69],"signals,":[72],"obtaining":[73],"closed-form":[75],"expression":[76],"spectrum.":[80],"Finally,":[81],"derived":[83],"symbol":[85],"rate":[87],"(SER)":[88],"with":[91,168],"two":[92],"decoders,":[93,104],"maximum":[96],"likelihood":[97],"(ML)":[98],"fast":[100],"Fourier":[101],"transform":[102],"(FFT)":[103],"both":[106],"additive":[107],"white":[108],"Gaussian":[109],"noise":[110],"(AWGN)":[111],"double":[113],"Nakagami-m":[114],"fading":[115],"channels.":[116],"The":[117],"analysis":[119],"shows":[120],"out-of-band":[122],"emissions":[123],"satisfy":[126],"European":[128],"Telecommunications":[129],"Standards":[130],"Institute":[131],"(ETSI)":[132],"regulation":[133],"only":[134],"when":[135],"considering":[136],"relatively":[138],"large":[139],"loads.":[142,173],"For":[143],"performance,":[146],"unlike":[147],"conventional":[148,166],"LoRa,":[149],"FFT":[151],"decoder":[152,159],"is":[153],"not":[154],"optimal.":[155],"Nevertheless,":[156],"ML":[158],"achieve":[161],"similar":[164],"to":[165],"moderate":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
