{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4361799252","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3262949","title":"Three-Hop Underwater Wireless Communications: A Novel Relay Deployment Technique","display_name":"Three-Hop Underwater Wireless Communications: A Novel Relay Deployment Technique","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4361799252","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3262949"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3262949","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3262949","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008228192","display_name":"Jiajie Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5352-5148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiajie Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer, Electrical, Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5352-5148","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer, Electrical, Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063278343","display_name":"Mustafa A. Kishk","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157286207","display_name":"National University of Ireland, Maynooth","ror":"https://ror.org/048nfjm95","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157286207"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mustafa A. Kishk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7518-2783","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157286207"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027021820","display_name":"Qunfei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4500-0779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qunfei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4500-0779","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083193286","display_name":"Mohamed\u2010Slim Alouini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4827-1793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed-Slim Alouini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer, Electrical, Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4827-1793","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer, Electrical, Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2954,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91754027,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"15","first_page":"13354","last_page":"13369"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9807999730110168,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7188960909843445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.7175126075744629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-acoustic-communication","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","score":0.6547613143920898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rss","display_name":"RSS","score":0.6074105501174927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay","display_name":"Relay","score":0.5975262522697449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5694231390953064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.47159823775291443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.44949930906295776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4383937418460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.40166282653808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.37453755736351013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.11545655131340027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7188960909843445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.7175126075744629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169111936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424098","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","level":3,"score":0.6547613143920898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2385561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45432","display_name":"RSS","level":2,"score":0.6074105501174927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.5975262522697449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5694231390953064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.47159823775291443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.44949930906295776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4383937418460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.40166282653808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.37453755736351013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.11545655131340027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3262949","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3262949","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.kaust.edu.sa:10754/690800","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10754/690800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401596","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Repository (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","host_organization_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322320","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1989203248","https://openalex.org/W2005878300","https://openalex.org/W2020645758","https://openalex.org/W2050585361","https://openalex.org/W2079405396","https://openalex.org/W2087688315","https://openalex.org/W2091177639","https://openalex.org/W2092503963","https://openalex.org/W2120929347","https://openalex.org/W2152759373","https://openalex.org/W2170984917","https://openalex.org/W2187515307","https://openalex.org/W2303478694","https://openalex.org/W2464824114","https://openalex.org/W2510067267","https://openalex.org/W2747069922","https://openalex.org/W2776768503","https://openalex.org/W2853024308","https://openalex.org/W2903619499","https://openalex.org/W2911232210","https://openalex.org/W2924087700","https://openalex.org/W2969412642","https://openalex.org/W3016137018","https://openalex.org/W3037233857","https://openalex.org/W3041410138","https://openalex.org/W3082081233","https://openalex.org/W3087497281","https://openalex.org/W3112036980","https://openalex.org/W3113598330","https://openalex.org/W3120905809","https://openalex.org/W3137515783","https://openalex.org/W3163841237","https://openalex.org/W4210302431","https://openalex.org/W4234299534","https://openalex.org/W4289717665","https://openalex.org/W4294219212","https://openalex.org/W4295036262","https://openalex.org/W4300773701","https://openalex.org/W4308799148","https://openalex.org/W4319341833","https://openalex.org/W6651924514","https://openalex.org/W6703448655","https://openalex.org/W6783190923","https://openalex.org/W6783744047"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3081304190","https://openalex.org/W2477841276","https://openalex.org/W4225540233","https://openalex.org/W1989468614","https://openalex.org/W46613192","https://openalex.org/W2556643280","https://openalex.org/W4285703999","https://openalex.org/W2185568765","https://openalex.org/W2353494610","https://openalex.org/W3214188517"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Underwater":[0,50],"long-distance":[1],"wireless":[2,82],"communication":[3,37,68,84,132,144,244],"(ULWC)":[4],"is":[5,45,218,258,307,336,348],"a":[6,25,71,79,118,184,250,298,301],"critical":[7],"challenge":[8],"in":[9,48,55,137],"many":[10],"applications,":[11],"such":[12],"as":[13,321,323],"marine":[14],"environmental":[15],"monitoring,":[16],"underwater":[17,21,67,81,157],"remote":[18],"control,":[19],"and":[20,58,92,105,142,173,267,287,293,319,328],"navigation,":[22],"to":[23,40,64,125,149,165,195,213,225,239,278,283,289,300],"name":[24],"few.":[26],"However,":[27],"very":[28],"little":[29],"literature":[30],"focuses":[31],"on":[32,88,179,201,228,339],"ULWC,":[33,111],"especially":[34],"where":[35,254],"the":[36,49,56,66,89,109,126,130,138,143,154,167,180,188,191,196,202,206,209,214,220,226,229,233,240,255,269,274,294,304,311,316,324,340,346],"distance":[38,145],"ups":[39],"thousands":[41,74,150],"of":[42,52,73,75,100,128,151,156,170,264,273,313,326,345],"kilometers,":[43,76],"which":[44,217],"urgently":[46],"required":[47],"Internet":[51],"Things":[53],"(UIoT)":[54],"large-scale":[57],"deep":[59],"sea.":[60],"In":[61,187,205,232],"this":[62],"article,":[63],"improve":[65,114],"capacity":[69],"at":[70,183,315],"level":[72],"we":[77],"propose":[78],"three-hop":[80],"acoustic":[83],"(3H-UWAC)":[85],"structure":[86],"based":[87,338],"sound":[90],"fixing":[91],"ranging":[93],"(SOFAR)":[94],"channel.":[95],"The":[96,343],"proposed":[97,139,337],"3H-UWAC":[98],"consists":[99],"transmitters,":[101,265,317],"relay":[102],"stations":[103],"(RSs),":[104],"receivers.":[106],"Different":[107],"from":[108,160,297],"existing":[110],"3H-ULWC":[112],"can":[113,134,146,246],"energy":[115,256],"efficiency":[116,257],"with":[117,249],"small":[119],"vertical":[120],"directivity":[121],"angle":[122],"(VDA).":[123],"Due":[124],"characteristics":[127],"UWAC,":[129],"straight-line":[131],"link":[133,306],"be":[135,147,247],"realized":[136],"three":[140,243,275],"hops,":[141],"increased":[148],"kilometers.":[152],"Respecting":[153],"randomness":[155],"devices,":[158],"tools":[159],"stochastic":[161],"geometry":[162],"are":[163,177,291,330],"used":[164],"model":[166],"spatial":[168],"distributions":[169],"transmitters\u2019,":[171],"receivers\u2019,":[172],"RSs\u2019":[174],"locations.":[175],"RSs":[176],"set":[178],"SOFAR":[181,203,230],"channel":[182],"known":[185],"depth.":[186],"first":[189,198,279],"hop,":[190,208,235],"transmitter":[192,299],"sends":[193,211,237],"information":[194,212,238],"nearest":[197,215,221],"RS":[199,223,280,285],"(NFRS)":[200],"plane.":[204,231],"second":[207,222,284],"NFRS":[210],"RS,":[216],"called":[219],"(NSRS),":[224],"receiver":[227,302],"third":[234],"SNFS":[236],"receiver.":[241],"All":[242],"hops":[245,276],"achieved":[248],"narrow":[251],"beam":[252],"width,":[253],"improved":[259],"critically.":[260],"With":[261],"given":[262],"densities":[263],"RSs,":[266],"receivers,":[268,329],"coverage":[270],"probabilities":[271],"(CPs)":[272],"(transmitter":[277],"(FRS),":[281],"FRS":[282],"(SRS),":[286],"SRS":[288],"receiver)":[290],"analyzed,":[292],"final":[295],"CP":[296],"through":[303],"3H":[305],"derived.":[308],"Insights":[309],"about":[310],"effects":[312],"VDAs":[314],"FNRS,":[318],"SNRS,":[320],"well":[322],"depths":[325],"transmitters":[327],"revealed.":[331],"A":[332],"rapid":[333],"optimization":[334],"method":[335],"analytical":[341],"results.":[342],"accuracy":[344],"analysis":[347],"verified":[349],"by":[350],"Monte":[351],"Carlo":[352],"simulations.":[353]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}