{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4321021763","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3245885","title":"On the Quasi-Orthogonality of LoRa Modulation","display_name":"On the Quasi-Orthogonality of LoRa Modulation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4321021763","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3245885"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3245885","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3245885","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6488907/6702522/10045787.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6488907/6702522/10045787.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028237781","display_name":"Jae\u2010Mo Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8181-5994"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31419693","display_name":"Kyungpook National University","ror":"https://ror.org/040c17130","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jae-Mo Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8181-5994","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038268233","display_name":"Dong-Woo Lim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3503-0018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong-Woo Lim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radio and Satellite Research Division, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3503-0018","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radio and Satellite Research Division, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2345,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2345},"apc_paid":{"value":2345,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2345},"fwci":0.829,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67738324,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"14","first_page":"12366","last_page":"12378"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9750999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthogonality","display_name":"Orthogonality","score":0.9489245414733887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.6495695114135742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6274524331092834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chirp-spread-spectrum","display_name":"Chirp spread spectrum","score":0.5191571116447449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-domain","display_name":"Time domain","score":0.4976048767566681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chirp","display_name":"Chirp","score":0.4579886198043823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.44272804260253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4403952360153198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-domain","display_name":"Frequency domain","score":0.41770076751708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.31898897886276245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.27170872688293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.23218706250190735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spread-spectrum","display_name":"Spread spectrum","score":0.16536512970924377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15254104137420654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.10669979453086853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.10270404815673828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.09134900569915771}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17137986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215067","display_name":"Orthogonality","level":2,"score":0.9489245414733887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.6495695114135742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6274524331092834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105152959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074780","display_name":"Chirp spread spectrum","level":5,"score":0.5191571116447449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.4976048767566681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132794960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27304","display_name":"Chirp","level":3,"score":0.4579886198043823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.44272804260253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4403952360153198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.41770076751708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.31898897886276245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.27170872688293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.23218706250190735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105344744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958957","display_name":"Spread spectrum","level":3,"score":0.16536512970924377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15254104137420654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.10669979453086853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.10270404815673828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.09134900569915771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194491627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334354","display_name":"Direct-sequence spread spectrum","level":4,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3245885","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3245885","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6488907/6702522/10045787.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3245885","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3245885","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6488907/6702522/10045787.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G116590399","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"project BK21 FOUR","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1251031942","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK 21 four","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1346884545","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2023-2020-0-01808","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G30685149","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK21 FOUR","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6482327896","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"project BK21 FOUR","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7392775442","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022R1A4A1033830","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7555590354","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020-0-01808","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8689913883","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022R1A4A1033830","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324891","display_name":"Iran Telecommunication Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01a3g2z22"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4321021763.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4321021763.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2134295053","https://openalex.org/W2537187694","https://openalex.org/W2564504513","https://openalex.org/W2595511394","https://openalex.org/W2766513146","https://openalex.org/W2792195154","https://openalex.org/W2900142556","https://openalex.org/W2951615004","https://openalex.org/W2962691290","https://openalex.org/W2982353875","https://openalex.org/W3007760816","https://openalex.org/W3038066973","https://openalex.org/W3133012246","https://openalex.org/W3188280779","https://openalex.org/W4300223101"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2317297318","https://openalex.org/W2155641694","https://openalex.org/W2972564959","https://openalex.org/W2065883652","https://openalex.org/W2967627568","https://openalex.org/W2537897891","https://openalex.org/W2053751710","https://openalex.org/W3169999368","https://openalex.org/W4391741986","https://openalex.org/W2117096382"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"LoRa":[0,34,77,92,106,135],"(Long":[1],"Range),":[2],"a":[3],"low":[4],"power":[5],"and":[6,20,30,108,182,194],"wide":[7],"area":[8],"modulation":[9,35,107],"scheme":[10],"based":[11,97],"on":[12,98],"chirp":[13],"spread":[14],"spectrum,":[15],"is":[16,36,125,137,147,155],"the":[17,37,49,59,68,73,76,87,102,105,120,123,130,133,142,145,150,153,163,165,170,173,192],"most":[18],"popular":[19],"widely":[21],"adopted":[22],"Internet-of-Things":[23],"(IoT)":[24],"technique":[25],"in":[26,48,82,119,141,172],"industry.":[27],"A":[28],"notable":[29],"interesting":[31],"property":[32],"of":[33,39,62,75,104,129,132,152,162,169,196],"quasi-orthogonality":[38,74,103,124,146],"signals":[40,93,136],"modulated":[41],"under":[42],"different":[43,95],"spreading":[44],"factors":[45],"(SFs).":[46],"Unfortunately,":[47],"literature,":[50],"there":[51],"has":[52],"been":[53],"no":[54],"analytical":[55],"effort":[56],"to":[57,179,186],"establish":[58],"theoretical":[60],"validity":[61,193],"such":[63],"quasi-orthogonality.":[64],"This":[65],"paper,":[66],"for":[67,159],"first":[69],"time,":[70],"theoretically":[71],"tackles":[72],"modulation.":[78],"First,":[79],"we":[80,100,115],"derive":[81],"both":[83],"continuous-and":[84,174],"discrete-time":[85,143,175],"domains":[86,176],"cross-correlation":[88,171],"between":[89],"two":[90,134],"non-synchronized":[91],"with":[94],"SFs,":[96],"which":[99],"analyze":[101],"draw":[109],"some":[110],"useful":[111],"engineering":[112],"insights.":[113],"Particularly,":[114],"analytically":[116],"show":[117],"that":[118],"continuous-time":[121],"domain,":[122,144],"guaranteed":[126],"if":[127,149],"one":[128],"SFs":[131,154],"large":[138,156],"enough;":[139],"while,":[140],"ensured":[148],"maximum":[151,166],"enough.":[157],"Furthermore,":[158],"practical":[160],"values":[161],"SF,":[164],"squared":[167],"magnitudes":[168],"are":[177],"shown":[178],"be":[180],"1.14%":[181],"1.08%,":[183],"respectively,":[184],"compared":[185],"their":[187],"peak":[188],"values.":[189],"We":[190],"demonstrate":[191],"accuracy":[195],"our":[197],"analysis":[198],"through":[199],"extensive":[200],"numerical":[201],"simulations.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}