{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4320009725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3243189","title":"A Two-Stage PBFT Architecture With Trust and Reward Incentive Mechanism","display_name":"A Two-Stage PBFT Architecture With Trust and Reward Incentive Mechanism","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4320009725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3243189"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3243189","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3243189","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078066327","display_name":"Haytham Qushtom","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3093-8222"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haytham Qushtom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Toronto Metropolitan (formerly, Ryerson) University, Toronto, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Toronto Metropolitan (formerly, Ryerson) University, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017004453","display_name":"Jelena Mi\u0161i\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1251-3730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jelena Mi\u0161i\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Toronto Metropolitan (formerly, Ryerson) University, Toronto, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Toronto Metropolitan (formerly, Ryerson) University, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019465701","display_name":"Vojislav B. Mi\u0161i\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7760-9920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vojislav B. Mi\u0161i\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Toronto Metropolitan (formerly, Ryerson) University, Toronto, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Toronto Metropolitan (formerly, Ryerson) University, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024597522","display_name":"Xiaolin Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2975-8857"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolin Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Security and Privacy in Intelligent Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Security and Privacy in Intelligent Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078066327"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.8943,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99130936,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"13","first_page":"11440","last_page":"11452"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.9724000096321106,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7751131057739258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byzantine-fault-tolerance","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","score":0.7701115608215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.5814766883850098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.5799069404602051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.5576189756393433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-work-system","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","score":0.5488801002502441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consensus","display_name":"Consensus","score":0.5307241678237915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5303184390068054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.4522576332092285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.44158482551574707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asynchronous-communication","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","score":0.4353315532207489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.42501527070999146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4169429540634155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault tolerance","score":0.3182598054409027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-agent-system","display_name":"Multi-agent system","score":0.28783759474754333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2522221505641937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24439838528633118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.19027960300445557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.18804630637168884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12251216173171997}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7751131057739258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168021876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1353446","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","level":3,"score":0.7701115608215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.5814766883850098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5799069404602051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.5576189756393433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123436394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7249984","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","level":3,"score":0.5488801002502441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107107730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2994424","display_name":"Consensus","level":3,"score":0.5307241678237915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5303184390068054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4522576332092285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.44158482551574707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151319957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752739","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","level":2,"score":0.4353315532207489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.42501527070999146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4169429540634155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.3182598054409027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.28783759474754333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2522221505641937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24439838528633118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.19027960300445557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.18804630637168884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12251216173171997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3243189","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3243189","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7799999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4882314555","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"M22037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","funder_display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2013608896","https://openalex.org/W2038345682","https://openalex.org/W2126087831","https://openalex.org/W2470694705","https://openalex.org/W2534313446","https://openalex.org/W2763398287","https://openalex.org/W2766209351","https://openalex.org/W2791901408","https://openalex.org/W2901994931","https://openalex.org/W3008234129","https://openalex.org/W3101069867","https://openalex.org/W3113926678","https://openalex.org/W3129278348","https://openalex.org/W4288083744","https://openalex.org/W4290993992","https://openalex.org/W6678832241","https://openalex.org/W6719987976","https://openalex.org/W6745143538","https://openalex.org/W6749299456","https://openalex.org/W6756215943"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2981481350","https://openalex.org/W2145120192","https://openalex.org/W3184106935","https://openalex.org/W4360604748","https://openalex.org/W4249344736","https://openalex.org/W3103461600","https://openalex.org/W4319072583","https://openalex.org/W4404788985","https://openalex.org/W4391769146","https://openalex.org/W4389821209"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,110,140],"consensus":[1,13,65],"algorithm":[2],"is":[3,116],"an":[4,119,129],"essential":[5],"ingredient":[6],"of":[7,40,47,103,112,138,145,158],"any":[8],"blockchain":[9],"system.":[10],"Many":[11],"different":[12],"mechanisms,":[14],"such":[15],"as":[16,100],"practical":[17],"Byzantine":[18],"fault":[19],"tolerance":[20],"(PBFT),":[21],"Proof-of-Work":[22],"(PoW),":[23],"Proof-of-Stake":[24],"(PoS),":[25],"and":[26,42,82,97,107],"their":[27],"many":[28],"derivatives,":[29],"have":[30,50],"been":[31],"proposed":[32,114,147],"over":[33],"the":[34,37,48,104,113,143,146],"years,":[35],"but":[36],"complementary":[38],"problems":[39],"performance":[41,111],"resilience":[43],"to":[44,52],"malicious":[45],"behavior":[46,92],"nodes":[49],"yet":[51],"be":[53],"resolved":[54],"in":[55,149],"a":[56,64,124,135,155],"satisfactory":[57],"manner.":[58],"In":[59],"this":[60],"work,":[61],"we":[62],"propose":[63],"mechanism":[66],"that":[67,122],"integrates":[68],"PoS":[69],"with":[70,76,134],"PBFT,":[71],"which":[72],"can":[73],"effectively":[74],"deal":[75],"dishonest":[77,159],"nodes,":[78],"both":[79],"individual":[80],"validators":[81],"leaders,":[83],"while":[84],"maintaining":[85],"high":[86,156],"performance.":[87],"Our":[88],"model":[89,121,148],"incentivized":[90],"truthful":[91],"by":[93,128],"using":[94,118],"trust":[95],"score":[96],"reward":[98],"mechanisms":[99],"crucial":[101],"components":[102],"block":[105],"validation":[106],"ordering":[108],"processes.":[109],"scheme":[115],"evaluated":[117],"analytical":[120],"employs":[123],"semi-Markov":[125],"process,":[126],"defined":[127],"ergodic":[130],"multidimensional":[131],"Markov":[132],"chain":[133],"finite":[136],"number":[137],"states.":[139],"results":[141],"show":[142],"efficiency":[144],"consensus-based":[150],"decision":[151],"making,":[152],"even":[153],"under":[154],"likelihood":[157],"node":[160],"behavior.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-30T08:08:38.191290","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
