{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4318148729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3240007","title":"ReLIEF: A Reinforcement-Learning-Based Real-Time Task Assignment Strategy in Emerging Fault-Tolerant Fog Computing","display_name":"ReLIEF: A Reinforcement-Learning-Based Real-Time Task Assignment Strategy in Emerging Fault-Tolerant Fog Computing","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4318148729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3240007"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3240007","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3240007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018678990","display_name":"Roozbeh Siyadatzadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2258-4110"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133529467","display_name":"Sharif University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024c2fq17","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133529467"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Roozbeh Siyadatzadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133529467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041600980","display_name":"Fatemeh Mehrafrooz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5844-3793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133529467","display_name":"Sharif University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024c2fq17","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133529467"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatemeh Mehrafrooz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133529467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035446526","display_name":"Mohsen Ansari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4670-8608"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133529467","display_name":"Sharif University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024c2fq17","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133529467"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohsen Ansari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133529467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052225293","display_name":"Bardia Safaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133529467","display_name":"Sharif University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024c2fq17","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133529467"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bardia Safaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133529467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005190949","display_name":"Muhammad Shafique","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2607-8135"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Shafique","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063508488","display_name":"J\u00f6rg Henkel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9602-2922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J\u00f6rg Henkel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005928293","display_name":"Alireza Ejlali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5661-3629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133529467","display_name":"Sharif University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024c2fq17","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133529467"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alireza Ejlali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133529467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018678990"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133529467"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.5461,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9841636,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"12","first_page":"10752","last_page":"10763"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8770101070404053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backup","display_name":"Backup","score":0.7777385115623474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7447776198387146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.612909197807312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5927068591117859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.5126349329948425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.509795606136322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.47209852933883667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4461883306503296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.43964868783950806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.4304613471031189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloudlet","display_name":"Cloudlet","score":0.4287180006504059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault tolerance","score":0.41048234701156616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.21818697452545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.20952242612838745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1121741533279419}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8770101070404053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780945871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194274","display_name":"Backup","level":2,"score":0.7777385115623474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7447776198387146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.612909197807312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5927068591117859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.5126349329948425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.509795606136322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.47209852933883667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4461883306503296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.43964868783950806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.4304613471031189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781055072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325266","display_name":"Cloudlet","level":3,"score":0.4287180006504059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.41048234701156616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.21818697452545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20952242612838745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1121741533279419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3240007","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3240007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32403112","https://openalex.org/W605027309","https://openalex.org/W1488202922","https://openalex.org/W2119457900","https://openalex.org/W2152107277","https://openalex.org/W2322092322","https://openalex.org/W2394115245","https://openalex.org/W2400861403","https://openalex.org/W2599106590","https://openalex.org/W2612994737","https://openalex.org/W2796007514","https://openalex.org/W2804147884","https://openalex.org/W2892315936","https://openalex.org/W2905538952","https://openalex.org/W2947861320","https://openalex.org/W2952626915","https://openalex.org/W2964098968","https://openalex.org/W2980002279","https://openalex.org/W2980048925","https://openalex.org/W2982530739","https://openalex.org/W2984657876","https://openalex.org/W2989730261","https://openalex.org/W2994654853","https://openalex.org/W2998842060","https://openalex.org/W2999326456","https://openalex.org/W3016560828","https://openalex.org/W3034427160","https://openalex.org/W3046042204","https://openalex.org/W3046293351","https://openalex.org/W3087990754","https://openalex.org/W3093645230","https://openalex.org/W3095104172","https://openalex.org/W3138090604","https://openalex.org/W3169760573","https://openalex.org/W3171191116","https://openalex.org/W3181294851","https://openalex.org/W3200066794","https://openalex.org/W4206303881","https://openalex.org/W4210982773","https://openalex.org/W4211126203","https://openalex.org/W4212803407","https://openalex.org/W4224932126","https://openalex.org/W4246262524","https://openalex.org/W6798198357","https://openalex.org/W6808242801"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2474275862","https://openalex.org/W3082808059","https://openalex.org/W2955195711","https://openalex.org/W2288076623","https://openalex.org/W3008399534","https://openalex.org/W3175669490","https://openalex.org/W1938897670","https://openalex.org/W4238810876","https://openalex.org/W1813777996","https://openalex.org/W4382999950"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0,24],"to":[1,13,25,76,87,94,148,208,218],"the":[2,15,26,38,46,49,59,77,81,103,121,150,161,164,199,210,221,224,232,237,240],"real-time":[3,53,63,96,126],"requirements":[4],"in":[5,71,109,128,181],"several":[6],"IoT":[7,35,154],"applications,":[8],"fog":[9,47,72,110,195],"computing":[10,111],"has":[11,65,177,205],"emerged":[12],"overcome":[14],"long":[16],"latency":[17],"and":[18,37,166,191],"other":[19],"constraints":[20,51,127],"of":[21,29,34,52,61,80,107,123,152,163,212,223,230,239],"cloud":[22],"computing.":[23,73],"high":[27],"probability":[28],"packet":[30],"loss,":[31],"energy":[32],"limitation":[33],"devices,":[36],"external":[39],"disturbances":[40],"that":[41],"may":[42,55],"frequently":[43],"occur":[44],"on":[45,102,120,142,193,198],"infrastructure,":[48],"timing":[50],"tasks":[54,64,108,124],"be":[56],"compromised.":[57],"Therefore,":[58],"reliability":[60,122,151,238],"executing":[62],"always":[66],"been":[67,206],"a":[68,134,171,186],"significant":[69],"challenge":[70],"In":[74,131],"addition":[75],"correct":[78],"execution":[79,162],"tasks,":[82,168],"it":[83,227],"is":[84,146,228],"also":[85],"important":[86],"execute":[88],"them":[89],"before":[90],"their":[91,95],"deadlines":[92],"according":[93],"classification.":[97],"State-of-the-art":[98],"methods":[99,115],"generally":[100],"focus":[101,119],"delay":[104,190],"or":[105],"functionality":[106],"systems.":[112,155],"However,":[113],"those":[114],"do":[116],"not":[117],"widely":[118],"with":[125,246],"dynamic":[129,182],"environments.":[130],"this":[132],"article,":[133],"novel":[135],"primary":[136,165],"backup":[137,167],"task":[138,213],"assignment":[139],"strategy":[140],"based":[141],"machine":[143],"learning":[144,173],"(ReLIEF)":[145],"proposed":[147,203],"improve":[149],"fog-based":[153],"To":[156],"identify":[157],"suitable":[158],"nodes":[159],"for":[160],"ReLIEF":[169],"employs":[170],"reinforcement":[172],"(RL)":[174],"approach,":[175],"which":[176],"an":[178],"outstanding":[179],"performance":[180],"environments":[183],"by":[184,216,242],"establishing":[185],"balance":[187],"between":[188],"communication":[189],"workload":[192,233],"each":[194],"device.":[196],"Based":[197],"simulations,":[200],"our":[201],"newly":[202],"technique":[204],"able":[207],"reduce":[209],"amount":[211],"dropping":[214],"rate":[215],"up":[217],"84%":[219],"against":[220],"state":[222],"art.":[225],"Moreover,":[226],"capable":[229],"balancing":[231],"distribution":[234],"while":[235],"increasing":[236],"system":[241],"nearly":[243],"72%":[244],"compared":[245],"its":[247],"counterparts.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
