{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313291145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3232793","title":"Confluence of Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence Technologies for Secure and Scalable Healthcare Solutions: A Review","display_name":"Confluence of Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence Technologies for Secure and Scalable Healthcare Solutions: A Review","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313291145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3232793"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2022.3232793","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3232793","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080357343","display_name":"Siva Sai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0927-9370"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74796645","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani","ror":"https://ror.org/001p3jz28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Siva Sai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (Pilani Campus), Pilani, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0927-9370","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (Pilani Campus), Pilani, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005020243","display_name":"Vinay Chamola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6730-3060"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74796645","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani","ror":"https://ror.org/001p3jz28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vinay Chamola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering and APPCAIR, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (Pilani Campus), Pilani, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6730-3060","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering and APPCAIR, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (Pilani Campus), Pilani, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001746807","display_name":"Kim\u2010Kwang Raymond Choo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9208-5336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems and Cyber Security and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9208-5336","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems and Cyber Security and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041189303","display_name":"Biplab Sikdar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0084-4647"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Biplab Sikdar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Cluny Road, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0084-4647","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Cluny Road, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076776322","display_name":"Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8657-3800"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162190","display_name":"China University of Petroleum, East China","ror":"https://ror.org/05gbn2817","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8657-3800","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080357343"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.7483,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98735068,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"7","first_page":"5873","last_page":"5897"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9807000160217285,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7217500805854797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.696948230266571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5542821884155273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5476046204566956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applications-of-artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","score":0.49673229455947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4406171143054962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.42913100123405457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.12230667471885681}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7217500805854797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.696948230266571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5542821884155273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5476046204566956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.49673229455947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4406171143054962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.42913100123405457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.12230667471885681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2022.3232793","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3232793","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8494559007","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CRD/2020/000369","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334771","funder_display_name":"Science and Engineering Research Board"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334771","display_name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","ror":"https://ror.org/03ffdsr55"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":161,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W130126120","https://openalex.org/W632432350","https://openalex.org/W784166158","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1844512392","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1901616594","https://openalex.org/W1946550961","https://openalex.org/W2001529368","https://openalex.org/W2009332171","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2073972083","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2103004421","https://openalex.org/W2104787607","https://openalex.org/W2107726111","https://openalex.org/W2107751709","https://openalex.org/W2113179902","https://openalex.org/W2118788747","https://openalex.org/W2124344619","https://openalex.org/W2128728535","https://openalex.org/W2146974287","https://openalex.org/W2153233077","https://openalex.org/W2155190093","https://openalex.org/W2157440718","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2249520589","https://openalex.org/W2328091121","https://openalex.org/W2328176404","https://openalex.org/W2356939740","https://openalex.org/W2474335672","https://openalex.org/W2499158810","https://openalex.org/W2510494235","https://openalex.org/W2514994441","https://openalex.org/W2518241345","https://openalex.org/W2561097737","https://openalex.org/W2599221923","https://openalex.org/W2602679156","https://openalex.org/W2604824709","https://openalex.org/W2616934625","https://openalex.org/W2619286818","https://openalex.org/W2623255526","https://openalex.org/W2664267452","https://openalex.org/W2735656452","https://openalex.org/W2736194861","https://openalex.org/W2737252471","https://openalex.org/W2738959495","https://openalex.org/W2743138268","https://openalex.org/W2746685464","https://openalex.org/W2746699202","https://openalex.org/W2754529701","https://openalex.org/W2757528734","https://openalex.org/W2758039286","https://openalex.org/W2765224253","https://openalex.org/W2766920682","https://openalex.org/W2767079719","https://openalex.org/W2767307339","https://openalex.org/W2782390373","https://openalex.org/W2786376170","https://openalex.org/W2793187533","https://openalex.org/W2797472209","https://openalex.org/W2798405286","https://openalex.org/W2809092276","https://openalex.org/W2810711254","https://openalex.org/W2886281300","https://openalex.org/W2886522935","https://openalex.org/W2887015488","https://openalex.org/W2889245000","https://openalex.org/W2891642357","https://openalex.org/W2895763047","https://openalex.org/W2899343544","https://openalex.org/W2900319533","https://openalex.org/W2907683311","https://openalex.org/W2908147136","https://openalex.org/W2918607134","https://openalex.org/W2920733725","https://openalex.org/W2929438235","https://openalex.org/W2947690458","https://openalex.org/W2953532875","https://openalex.org/W2957002706","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2964061924","https://openalex.org/W2971799992","https://openalex.org/W2972432684","https://openalex.org/W2979798680","https://openalex.org/W2982232329","https://openalex.org/W2983145744","https://openalex.org/W2995099704","https://openalex.org/W2997569720","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W2998340595","https://openalex.org/W3001195213","https://openalex.org/W3002919635","https://openalex.org/W3003714166","https://openalex.org/W3005163827","https://openalex.org/W3008565796","https://openalex.org/W3010981366","https://openalex.org/W3013960962","https://openalex.org/W3023617420","https://openalex.org/W3026568256","https://openalex.org/W3046167482","https://openalex.org/W3088474295","https://openalex.org/W3091851474","https://openalex.org/W3094492244","https://openalex.org/W3094740520","https://openalex.org/W3099128725","https://openalex.org/W3101098008","https://openalex.org/W3105507192","https://openalex.org/W3121747242","https://openalex.org/W3126317075","https://openalex.org/W3135095093","https://openalex.org/W3148271110","https://openalex.org/W3151944526","https://openalex.org/W3155216088","https://openalex.org/W3155652159","https://openalex.org/W3158724625","https://openalex.org/W3159243351","https://openalex.org/W3163893137","https://openalex.org/W3164573547","https://openalex.org/W3166291428","https://openalex.org/W3187853029","https://openalex.org/W3189251308","https://openalex.org/W3195869609","https://openalex.org/W3196308418","https://openalex.org/W3200032416","https://openalex.org/W3201166523","https://openalex.org/W3201827372","https://openalex.org/W3202466953","https://openalex.org/W3212598552","https://openalex.org/W3212733975","https://openalex.org/W3216394207","https://openalex.org/W3217621526","https://openalex.org/W4200109442","https://openalex.org/W4200270100","https://openalex.org/W4200284818","https://openalex.org/W4200390322","https://openalex.org/W4200514525","https://openalex.org/W4220859242","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4288079701","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W4295806247","https://openalex.org/W4297775537","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6638711193","https://openalex.org/W6640567031","https://openalex.org/W6682322373","https://openalex.org/W6682676184","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6737664043","https://openalex.org/W6743446608","https://openalex.org/W6748536023","https://openalex.org/W6750207810","https://openalex.org/W6750227808","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6755829780","https://openalex.org/W6759226220","https://openalex.org/W6759934835","https://openalex.org/W6769414235","https://openalex.org/W6884299058"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2389214306","https://openalex.org/W2965083567","https://openalex.org/W4235240664","https://openalex.org/W1838576100","https://openalex.org/W4388475966","https://openalex.org/W2952366985","https://openalex.org/W3165757319","https://openalex.org/W4385782821","https://openalex.org/W4387847439","https://openalex.org/W3172364222"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchain":[0],"(BC)":[1],"and":[2,21,39,74,86,122,165,185,196,224],"artificial":[3],"intelligence":[4],"(AI)":[5],"technologies":[6,30,113,147,198,270],"have":[7,105,153,171,261],"independent":[8],"applications":[9,108,266],"in":[10,92,114,138,148,179,202,237,271],"multiple":[11,89],"industries,":[12],"including":[13],"banking,":[14],"finance,":[15],"healthcare,":[16],"construction,":[17],"transportation,":[18],"hospitality,":[19],"manufacturing,":[20],"insurance,":[22],"to":[23,36,100,127,212],"name":[24],"a":[25,174,252],"few.":[26],"Moreover,":[27],"these":[28,112,145,268],"two":[29,146,159,269],"can":[31,45,64],"be":[32],"integrated":[33,181],"seamlessly,":[34],"thanks":[35],"their":[37,53],"complementary":[38],"mutually":[40],"supportive":[41],"features.":[42],"AI":[43,66,87,123,186,197,231,256],"algorithms":[44,223],"make":[46],"the":[47,58,79,93,107,118,128,139,142,149,155,180,192,220,238,246,264],"medical":[48],"BC":[49,63,85,121,184,195,250],"storage":[50],"efficient":[51],"by":[52,68],"processing":[54],"algorithms,":[55],"also":[56,172,217,260],"playing":[57],"role":[59],"of":[60,84,109,111,120,130,144,176,183,194,206,245,267],"knowledgeable":[61],"gatekeepers.":[62],"support":[65],"models":[67],"providing":[69],"secure,":[70],"sizeable,":[71],"traceable,":[72],"diverse,":[73],"immutable":[75],"healthcare":[76,94,115,150,207],"data":[77],"for":[78,187,228,255],"training":[80,233],"purpose.":[81],"The":[82],"integration":[83,119,193],"has":[88,124,134],"use":[90,249],"cases":[91],"industry":[95],"ranging":[96,208],"from":[97,209],"disease":[98],"prediction":[99],"pandemic":[101,213],"management.":[102,214],"Previously,":[103],"researchers":[104],"reviewed":[106,247],"each":[110],"independently.":[116],"Although":[117],"been":[125,135,200],"fruitful,":[126],"best":[129],"our":[131],"knowledge,":[132],"there":[133],"no":[136],"work":[137],"past":[140],"reviewing":[141],"confluence":[143],"sector.":[151],"We":[152,170,189],"classified":[154],"works":[156,248],"based":[157],"on":[158],"different":[160,204],"classification":[161],"schemes:":[162],"1)":[163],"application-based":[164],"2)":[166],"AI-training":[167],"paradigm-based":[168],"classification.":[169],"provided":[173],"compilation":[175],"tools":[177],"used":[178,236],"systems":[182],"healthcare.":[188,272],"identified":[190],"that":[191,219,243],"had":[199],"applied":[201],"quite":[203],"areas":[205],"biomedical":[210],"research":[211],"It":[215],"is":[216],"noted":[218],"supervised":[221],"learning":[222,226],"federated":[225],"paradigm":[227],"secure":[229,253],"decentralized":[230],"model":[232],"are":[234],"often":[235],"integration.":[239],"Our":[240],"findings":[241],"reveal":[242],"majority":[244],"as":[251],"database":[254],"models.":[257],"Furthermore,":[258],"we":[259],"pointed":[262],"out":[263],"potential":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-04T09:04:59.091469","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
