{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313020644","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3227564","title":"Defed: An Edge-Feature-Enhanced Image Denoised Network Against Adversarial Attacks for Secure Internet of Things","display_name":"Defed: An Edge-Feature-Enhanced Image Denoised Network Against Adversarial Attacks for Secure Internet of Things","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313020644","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3227564"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2022.3227564","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3227564","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088570801","display_name":"Yang Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1410-0486"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, and the Engineering Research Center of Trusted Digital Economy, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1410-0486","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, and the Engineering Research Center of Trusted Digital Economy, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076802839","display_name":"Chengjia Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9819-6894"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengjia Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, and the Engineering Research Center of Trusted Digital Economy, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9819-6894","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, and the Engineering Research Center of Trusted Digital Economy, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051714807","display_name":"Shuo Lyu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuo Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, and the Engineering Research Center of Trusted Digital Economy, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, and the Engineering Research Center of Trusted Digital Economy, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065373445","display_name":"Qingqi Pei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7601-5434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingqi Pei","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, and the Engineering Research Center of Trusted Digital Economy, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7601-5434","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, and the Engineering Research Center of Trusted Digital Economy, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058120371","display_name":"Ximeng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4238-3295"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ximeng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China","Cyberspace Security Research Center, Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4238-3295","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace Security Research Center, Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ning Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9518-1622"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9518-1622","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061453937","display_name":"Mianxiong Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2788-3451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41725924","display_name":"Muroran Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04rymkk69","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41725924"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mianxiong Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Electronic Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Muroran, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2788-3451","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Electronic Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Muroran, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41725924"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0497,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80948635,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"8","first_page":"6836","last_page":"6848"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9803000092506409,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9340999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8394912481307983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.737305223941803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5652996897697449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.541959285736084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.48046964406967163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.4484262764453888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.43427151441574097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4168984293937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.38977766036987305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3664708733558655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.36537885665893555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.33556726574897766}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8394912481307983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.737305223941803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5652996897697449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.541959285736084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.48046964406967163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.4484262764453888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.43427151441574097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4168984293937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38977766036987305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3664708733558655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.36537885665893555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.33556726574897766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2022.3227564","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3227564","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4389402476","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XJS211513","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6145444192","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62202358","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8282348482","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB3102700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8292956318","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62132013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G974890239","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62102295","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994303402","https://openalex.org/W2001610032","https://openalex.org/W2051434435","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2123341385","https://openalex.org/W2125186487","https://openalex.org/W2135874888","https://openalex.org/W2139577851","https://openalex.org/W2145023731","https://openalex.org/W2180612164","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2607219512","https://openalex.org/W2618043096","https://openalex.org/W2896396724","https://openalex.org/W2906647810","https://openalex.org/W2913848079","https://openalex.org/W2957283238","https://openalex.org/W2962933288","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963268689","https://openalex.org/W2963384482","https://openalex.org/W2963542245","https://openalex.org/W2963771536","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2974383094","https://openalex.org/W2983044655","https://openalex.org/W3008966268","https://openalex.org/W3013520104","https://openalex.org/W3015625436","https://openalex.org/W3021931631","https://openalex.org/W3031489816","https://openalex.org/W3101202235","https://openalex.org/W3102720581","https://openalex.org/W3107235539","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3134313520","https://openalex.org/W3174102408","https://openalex.org/W3188554269","https://openalex.org/W3191616507","https://openalex.org/W3192880923","https://openalex.org/W3200774181","https://openalex.org/W3202320739","https://openalex.org/W4214585697","https://openalex.org/W4229668875","https://openalex.org/W4293846201","https://openalex.org/W4312372133","https://openalex.org/W4312399808","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6746608116","https://openalex.org/W6752654261","https://openalex.org/W6758975236","https://openalex.org/W6774417808","https://openalex.org/W6790984810","https://openalex.org/W6911053103"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2619203976","https://openalex.org/W4313339048","https://openalex.org/W3176734149","https://openalex.org/W3201779876","https://openalex.org/W3113627641","https://openalex.org/W3191964704","https://openalex.org/W2918879532","https://openalex.org/W3083220997","https://openalex.org/W2885461866","https://openalex.org/W3162654428"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,28,79,94,108,125,174,183,191,196,241,247],"prosperous":[2],"development":[3],"of":[4,6,21,81,198,210],"Internet":[5],"Things":[7],"(IoT),":[8],"IoT":[9,34,48],"devices":[10],"have":[11,59,66],"been":[12],"deployed":[13],"in":[14,32,83,99,170],"various":[15,167],"applications,":[16],"which":[17,76,129,156],"generates":[18],"large":[19],"volume":[20],"image":[22,171,227,238],"data":[23,41,235],"to":[24,42,73,78,89,132,164,189,194,223,246],"trace":[25],"and":[26,58,185,219,243],"record":[27],"users\u2019":[29,45],"behaviors,":[30],"resulting":[31],"better":[33],"services.":[35],"To":[36],"accurately":[37],"analyze":[38],"these":[39],"huge":[40],"further":[43],"improve":[44],"experience":[46],"on":[47,144,200,237],"services,":[49],"deep":[50],"neural":[51],"networks":[52],"(DNNs)":[53],"are":[54,71,87],"gaining":[55],"more":[56],"attention":[57],"become":[60],"increasingly":[61],"popular.":[62],"However,":[63],"recent":[64],"studies":[65],"shown":[67],"that":[68],"DNN":[69],"models":[70,199],"vulnerable":[72],"adversarial":[74,109,136,168,192,202,229],"attacks,":[75],"leads":[77],"risk":[80],"applications":[82],"practice.":[84],"Previous":[85],"works":[86],"devoted":[88],"extract":[90],"invariant":[91],"features":[92,103],"from":[93,119],"content":[95],"circled":[96],"by":[97,123,135,139,214],"edges":[98],"images,":[100],"while":[101],"such":[102],"cannot":[104],"efficiently":[105],"deal":[106],"with":[107],"effect.":[110],"In":[111],"this":[112,117],"work,":[113],"we":[114,146,177,206],"first":[115],"study":[116],"problem":[118],"a":[120,148,208],"new":[121],"angle":[122],"exploring":[124],"edge":[126,150,158],"feature":[127,159],"information,":[128],"is":[130,228],"intractable":[131],"be":[133],"influenced":[134],"attacks":[137,169,193],"demonstrated":[138],"our":[140],"empirical":[141],"analysis.":[142],"Based":[143],"this,":[145],"propose":[147],"novel":[149],"feature-enhanced":[151],"defense":[152,249],"approach":[153],"called":[154],"Defed":[155],"incorporates":[157],"information":[160],"into":[161],"denoised":[162],"network":[163],"defend":[165],"against":[166],"area.":[172],"For":[173,204],"training":[175],"phase,":[176],"only":[178],"add":[179],"benign":[180],"images":[181],"as":[182],"input":[184],"exert":[186],"Gaussian":[187,216],"noise":[188,217],"substitute":[190],"mitigate":[195],"dependency":[197],"specific":[201],"attacks.":[203],"inference,":[205],"design":[207],"combination":[209],"multiple":[211],"Defeds":[212],"trained":[213],"different":[215],"levels":[218],"deploy":[220],"confidence":[221],"intervals":[222],"judge":[224],"whether":[225],"an":[226],"or":[230],"not.":[231],"Experiments":[232],"over":[233],"real-world":[234],"sets":[236],"classification":[239],"demonstrate":[240],"efficacy":[242],"superiority":[244],"compared":[245],"state-of-the-art":[248],"approaches.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
