{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313185505","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3222521","title":"A Survey of Blockchain and Intelligent Networking for the Metaverse","display_name":"A Survey of Blockchain and Intelligent Networking for the Metaverse","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313185505","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3222521"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2022.3222521","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3222521","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045398354","display_name":"Yuchuan Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1966-9161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuchuan Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks and Research Institute of Smart Transportation, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1966-9161","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks and Research Institute of Smart Transportation, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015340798","display_name":"Changle Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2568-8908"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changle Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks and Research Institute of Smart Transportation, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2568-8908","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks and Research Institute of Smart Transportation, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100420016","display_name":"F. Richard Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1006-7594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Richard Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1006-7594","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040978564","display_name":"Tom H. Luan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5215-7443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom H. Luan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5215-7443","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012527216","display_name":"Pincan Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7393-5016"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pincan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks and Research Institute of Smart Transportation, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7393-5016","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks and Research Institute of Smart Transportation, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100402708","display_name":"Sha Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6710-8126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sha Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks and Research Institute of Smart Transportation, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks and Research Institute of Smart Transportation, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":54.2032,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":181,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99927154,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"4","first_page":"3587","last_page":"3610"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9850000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaverse","display_name":"Metaverse","score":0.9167709946632385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7776875495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.39970752596855164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3626195788383484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.34015804529190063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3343629539012909}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53332860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2632041","display_name":"Metaverse","level":3,"score":0.9167709946632385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7776875495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.39970752596855164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3626195788383484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.34015804529190063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3343629539012909}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2022.3222521","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3222521","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4905520761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1801266","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":169,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W893234787","https://openalex.org/W1608525718","https://openalex.org/W1844512392","https://openalex.org/W1886411338","https://openalex.org/W1979248037","https://openalex.org/W1992175636","https://openalex.org/W2043007983","https://openalex.org/W2054692642","https://openalex.org/W2057248704","https://openalex.org/W2103264073","https://openalex.org/W2116263451","https://openalex.org/W2166821106","https://openalex.org/W2172067026","https://openalex.org/W2196589383","https://openalex.org/W2262390119","https://openalex.org/W2416799949","https://openalex.org/W2484910796","https://openalex.org/W2500801124","https://openalex.org/W2508611559","https://openalex.org/W2511446761","https://openalex.org/W2519293460","https://openalex.org/W2531399364","https://openalex.org/W2595871304","https://openalex.org/W2597831797","https://openalex.org/W2605344455","https://openalex.org/W2609359630","https://openalex.org/W2663542053","https://openalex.org/W2724474800","https://openalex.org/W2742695568","https://openalex.org/W2748264495","https://openalex.org/W2754529701","https://openalex.org/W2769500655","https://openalex.org/W2784711283","https://openalex.org/W2791173246","https://openalex.org/W2792714596","https://openalex.org/W2794501214","https://openalex.org/W2805804251","https://openalex.org/W2808633551","https://openalex.org/W2876503617","https://openalex.org/W2894645340","https://openalex.org/W2894710278","https://openalex.org/W2898621204","https://openalex.org/W2903042230","https://openalex.org/W2905423425","https://openalex.org/W2907165388","https://openalex.org/W2912978522","https://openalex.org/W2913091928","https://openalex.org/W2913880216","https://openalex.org/W2914347267","https://openalex.org/W2915235041","https://openalex.org/W2915771847","https://openalex.org/W2929612105","https://openalex.org/W2945004735","https://openalex.org/W2946395961","https://openalex.org/W2955495366","https://openalex.org/W2958317794","https://openalex.org/W2966317260","https://openalex.org/W2969461841","https://openalex.org/W2971052312","https://openalex.org/W2971282859","https://openalex.org/W2971480797","https://openalex.org/W2971569867","https://openalex.org/W2972882814","https://openalex.org/W2978563932","https://openalex.org/W2979880537","https://openalex.org/W2981096252","https://openalex.org/W2984693664","https://openalex.org/W2985637671","https://openalex.org/W2996239155","https://openalex.org/W2996916730","https://openalex.org/W2997529199","https://openalex.org/W2998010531","https://openalex.org/W2998851828","https://openalex.org/W2999393238","https://openalex.org/W3002067100","https://openalex.org/W3003663149","https://openalex.org/W3004077497","https://openalex.org/W3006038584","https://openalex.org/W3006655855","https://openalex.org/W3007690081","https://openalex.org/W3008785825","https://openalex.org/W3011196524","https://openalex.org/W3011689243","https://openalex.org/W3015636663","https://openalex.org/W3016097478","https://openalex.org/W3016504774","https://openalex.org/W3016568954","https://openalex.org/W3021583000","https://openalex.org/W3033618994","https://openalex.org/W3034142408","https://openalex.org/W3039152299","https://openalex.org/W3042070225","https://openalex.org/W3043953517","https://openalex.org/W3046094031","https://openalex.org/W3047255488","https://openalex.org/W3048853384","https://openalex.org/W3058760796","https://openalex.org/W3087969922","https://openalex.org/W3088182571","https://openalex.org/W3088646831","https://openalex.org/W3090236420","https://openalex.org/W3090469145","https://openalex.org/W3091870957","https://openalex.org/W3096089080","https://openalex.org/W3103765213","https://openalex.org/W3107642408","https://openalex.org/W3108022551","https://openalex.org/W3108722340","https://openalex.org/W3109001971","https://openalex.org/W3109195939","https://openalex.org/W3114498441","https://openalex.org/W3115348209","https://openalex.org/W3117926661","https://openalex.org/W3118436442","https://openalex.org/W3120245408","https://openalex.org/W3127614346","https://openalex.org/W3128173992","https://openalex.org/W3135725526","https://openalex.org/W3136930970","https://openalex.org/W3136985951","https://openalex.org/W3138178591","https://openalex.org/W3139249489","https://openalex.org/W3145366640","https://openalex.org/W3151166523","https://openalex.org/W3155684213","https://openalex.org/W3161249521","https://openalex.org/W3162019995","https://openalex.org/W3163844597","https://openalex.org/W3172086939","https://openalex.org/W3172959128","https://openalex.org/W3175685484","https://openalex.org/W3177472323","https://openalex.org/W3177820985","https://openalex.org/W3183931182","https://openalex.org/W3186745796","https://openalex.org/W3194914278","https://openalex.org/W3194918904","https://openalex.org/W3195673440","https://openalex.org/W3197088326","https://openalex.org/W3198508394","https://openalex.org/W3203309224","https://openalex.org/W3203778842","https://openalex.org/W3206416492","https://openalex.org/W3206472429","https://openalex.org/W3206525235","https://openalex.org/W3206931445","https://openalex.org/W3208123860","https://openalex.org/W3208948435","https://openalex.org/W3211008182","https://openalex.org/W3211896329","https://openalex.org/W3213859307","https://openalex.org/W3214755690","https://openalex.org/W4200439854","https://openalex.org/W4205480933","https://openalex.org/W4205788220","https://openalex.org/W4226225860","https://openalex.org/W4235308861","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4283820037","https://openalex.org/W4288073028","https://openalex.org/W4312814526","https://openalex.org/W4320717855","https://openalex.org/W6638711193","https://openalex.org/W6755489178","https://openalex.org/W6802749020","https://openalex.org/W6802916781","https://openalex.org/W6802986244","https://openalex.org/W6803886546","https://openalex.org/W6839659291"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2166821106","https://openalex.org/W4376853950","https://openalex.org/W4312864667","https://openalex.org/W4237056396","https://openalex.org/W4366210097","https://openalex.org/W4366734514","https://openalex.org/W4388442643","https://openalex.org/W2059650074","https://openalex.org/W4285504728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"virtual":[1,31,48],"world":[2],"created":[3],"by":[4],"the":[5,8,34,45,54,62,66,69,82,94,104,116,125,131,135,143,150,153,160,163,176,181,184,187],"development":[6,144],"of":[7,21,39,57,65,73,103,115,120,127,134,149,162,175,183,189],"Internet,":[9],"computers,":[10],"artificial":[11],"intelligence":[12],"(AI),":[13],"and":[14,47,60,71,78,85,100,118,124,147,159,171,186,198],"hardware":[15],"technologies":[16,88,165],"have":[17],"brought":[18],"various":[19],"degrees":[20],"digital":[22],"transformation":[23],"to":[24,92,110],"people\u2019s":[25],"lives.":[26],"With":[27],"multiple":[28],"demands":[29,70,102],"for":[30],"reality":[32],"increasing,":[33],"metaverse,":[35],"a":[36],"new":[37],"type":[38],"social":[40],"ecology":[41],"that":[42],"can":[43,89],"connect":[44],"physical":[46],"worlds,":[49],"is":[50,108],"booming.":[51],"However,":[52],"with":[53],"rapid":[55],"growth":[56],"data":[58,98],"volume":[59],"value,":[61],"continuous":[63,97],"evolution":[64],"metaverse":[67,177,185],"faces":[68],"challenges":[72],"privacy,":[74],"security,":[75],"high":[76],"synchronization,":[77],"low":[79],"latency.":[80],"Fortunately,":[81],"ever-evolving":[83],"blockchain":[84],"intelligent":[86,122],"networking":[87],"be":[90],"used":[91],"satisfy":[93],"trusted":[95],"construction,":[96],"interaction,":[99],"computing":[101],"metaverse.":[105,136,151],"Therefore,":[106],"it":[107],"necessary":[109],"conduct":[111],"an":[112],"in-depth":[113],"review":[114],"role":[117],"gains":[119],"blockchain,":[121,157],"networking,":[123,158],"combination":[126,161],"both":[128],"in":[129],"providing":[130],"immersive":[132],"experiences":[133],"In":[137],"this":[138],"survey,":[139],"we":[140,192],"first":[141],"discuss":[142,193],"trend,":[145],"characteristics,":[146],"architecture":[148],"Then,":[152],"existing":[154],"work":[155],"on":[156],"two":[164],"are":[166,178],"reviewed,":[167],"including":[168],"overviews,":[169],"applications,":[170],"challenges.":[172],"Next,":[173],"applications":[174],"summarized,":[179],"emphasizing":[180],"importance":[182],"fields":[188],"development.":[190],"Finally,":[191],"some":[194],"open":[195],"issues,":[196],"challenges,":[197],"future":[199],"research":[200],"directions.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":59},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-08T07:41:36.138363","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
