{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4296339031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3207513","title":"A Theoretical Model Characterizing Tangle Evolution in IOTA Blockchain Network","display_name":"A Theoretical Model Characterizing Tangle Evolution in IOTA Blockchain Network","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4296339031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3207513"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2022.3207513","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3207513","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086708329","display_name":"Fengyang Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2792-5308"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129353","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/038cdme44","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327","https://openalex.org/I4210129353"]}],"countries":["AT","DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengyang Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Munich Research Center, Huawei Technologies, Munich, Germany","Distributed Systems Group, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Munich Research Center, Huawei Technologies, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Distributed Systems Group, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035445692","display_name":"Xun Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9852-781X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129353","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/038cdme44","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327","https://openalex.org/I4210129353"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xun Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Munich Research Center, Huawei Technologies, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9852-781X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Munich Research Center, Huawei Technologies, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041702790","display_name":"Artur Hecker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3604-2686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129353","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/038cdme44","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327","https://openalex.org/I4210129353"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Artur Hecker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Munich Research Center, Huawei Technologies, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Munich Research Center, Huawei Technologies, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129353"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004847496","display_name":"Schahram Dustdar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6872-8821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Schahram Dustdar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Distributed Systems Group, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6872-8821","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Distributed Systems Group, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.2648,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95887889,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"2","first_page":"1259","last_page":"1273"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11270","display_name":"Complex Systems and Time Series Analysis","score":0.9708999991416931,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tangle","display_name":"Tangle","score":0.9000403881072998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7607424855232239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.46259942650794983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4612099230289459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.41095781326293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3688165545463562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.34022313356399536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21727165579795837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21699443459510803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177738377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7683003","display_name":"Tangle","level":2,"score":0.9000403881072998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7607424855232239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.46259942650794983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4612099230289459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.41095781326293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3688165545463562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34022313356399536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21727165579795837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21699443459510803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2022.3207513","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3207513","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W602069763","https://openalex.org/W1538795295","https://openalex.org/W1992778005","https://openalex.org/W2005126631","https://openalex.org/W2008620264","https://openalex.org/W2018708100","https://openalex.org/W2033660931","https://openalex.org/W2057464142","https://openalex.org/W2067247412","https://openalex.org/W2075261997","https://openalex.org/W2081594277","https://openalex.org/W2115748897","https://openalex.org/W2154923088","https://openalex.org/W2171074980","https://openalex.org/W2489125130","https://openalex.org/W2625254582","https://openalex.org/W2735918677","https://openalex.org/W2767795179","https://openalex.org/W2771552024","https://openalex.org/W2782416476","https://openalex.org/W2809820716","https://openalex.org/W2811205501","https://openalex.org/W2888779032","https://openalex.org/W2902968984","https://openalex.org/W2947690458","https://openalex.org/W2963169426","https://openalex.org/W3013928723","https://openalex.org/W3022165290","https://openalex.org/W3085361342","https://openalex.org/W3098503635","https://openalex.org/W3100918075","https://openalex.org/W3101098008","https://openalex.org/W3112167948","https://openalex.org/W3123796990","https://openalex.org/W3135839026","https://openalex.org/W3154310484","https://openalex.org/W3157340262","https://openalex.org/W3208515366","https://openalex.org/W4206197430","https://openalex.org/W4210662119"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387747504","https://openalex.org/W4324297701","https://openalex.org/W1988331941","https://openalex.org/W2066873783","https://openalex.org/W2091266799","https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W1920804764","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W3211706803"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"IOTA":[0,22,45,73,99,111,119,186,213],"blockchain":[1],"system":[2,74],"is":[3,11,81],"lightweight":[4],"without":[5],"heavy":[6],"proof-of-work":[7],"mining":[8],"phases,":[9],"which":[10,80],"considered":[12],"a":[13,27,35,49,77,122,204],"promising":[14],"service":[15],"platform":[16],"of":[17,19,70,108,194,207,211],"Internet":[18],"Things":[20],"applications.":[21],"organizes":[23],"ledger":[24,112],"data":[25,182],"in":[26,39,48,64,84],"directed":[28],"acyclic":[29],"graph":[30],"(DAG),":[31],"called":[32],"Tangle,":[33],"rather":[34,123],"chain":[36],"structure":[37],"as":[38,52],"traditional":[40],"blockchains.":[41],"With":[42],"arriving":[43],"messages,":[44],"tangle":[46,60,100,120],"grows":[47],"special":[50],"way,":[51],"multiple":[53],"messages":[54],"can":[55],"be":[56],"attached":[57],"to":[58],"the":[59,67,85,92,97,109,142,174,185,191,208,212],"at":[61],"different":[62],"locations":[63],"parallel.":[65],"Hence,":[66],"network":[68],"dynamics":[69],"an":[71,164],"operational":[72],"would":[75],"justify":[76],"thorough":[78],"study,":[79],"currently":[82],"unexplored":[83],"literature.":[86],"In":[87,131],"this":[88],"article,":[89],"we":[90,148,162],"present":[91],"first":[93],"theoretical":[94],"modeling":[95],"for":[96],"evolving":[98],"based":[101,167],"on":[102,168],"stochastic":[103],"analysis.":[104],"After":[105],"analyzing":[106],"snapshots":[107],"real-world":[110],"data,":[113],"our":[114,195],"key":[115],"finding":[116],"suggests":[117],"that":[118,151],"follows":[121],"atypical":[124],"double":[125],"Pareto":[126],"Lognormal":[127],"(dPLN)":[128],"degree":[129],"distribution.":[130],"contrast,":[132],"typical":[133],"power-law":[134],"and":[135,177,198],"exponential":[136],"distributions":[137],"do":[138],"not":[139],"accurately":[140],"reflect":[141],"fact.":[143],"For":[144],"model":[145,176,197],"parameter":[146],"estimation,":[147],"further":[149],"realize":[150],"using":[152],"generic":[153],"optimization":[154],"solvers":[155],"cannot":[156],"yield":[157],"quality":[158,193],"fitting":[159,178,192],"results.":[160],"Thus,":[161],"design":[163],"alternative":[165],"algorithm":[166,179],"expectation-maximization":[169],"(EM)":[170],"framework.":[171],"We":[172],"evaluate":[173],"proposed":[175,196],"with":[180],"official":[181],"provided":[183],"by":[184],"Foundation.":[187],"Quantitative":[188],"comparisons":[189],"confirm":[190],"algorithm.":[199],"The":[200],"whole":[201],"analysis":[202],"reveals":[203],"deeper":[205],"understanding":[206],"internal":[209],"mechanism":[210],"network.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-11T18:08:03.149640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
