{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226334533","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3163469","title":"Characterization and Evaluation of IoT Protocols for Data Exfiltration","display_name":"Characterization and Evaluation of IoT Protocols for Data Exfiltration","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226334533","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3163469"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2022.3163469","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3163469","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039062671","display_name":"Daniel Uroz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5484-2842"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I255234318","display_name":"Universidad de Zaragoza","ror":"https://ror.org/012a91z28","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I255234318"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Uroz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5484-2842","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I255234318"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048946273","display_name":"Ricardo J. Rodr\u00edguez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7982-0359"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I255234318","display_name":"Universidad de Zaragoza","ror":"https://ror.org/012a91z28","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I255234318"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ricardo J. Rodriguez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7982-0359","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I255234318"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2816,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88256659,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"19","first_page":"19062","last_page":"19072"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mqtt","display_name":"MQTT","score":0.962882936000824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8952401280403137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/message-queue","display_name":"Message queue","score":0.7779005169868469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6512926816940308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.565195620059967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.470714271068573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.4668270945549011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-protocol","display_name":"Communications protocol","score":0.44172215461730957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.2804728150367737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2591743469238281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11581084132194519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132868160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10322548","display_name":"MQTT","level":3,"score":0.962882936000824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8952401280403137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26324664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1065525","display_name":"Message queue","level":2,"score":0.7779005169868469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6512926816940308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.565195620059967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.470714271068573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.4668270945549011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12269588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132364","display_name":"Communications protocol","level":2,"score":0.44172215461730957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.2804728150367737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2591743469238281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11581084132194519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2022.3163469","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3163469","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5600000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5605616294","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JIUZ-2020-TIC-08","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324111","funder_display_name":"Universidad de Zaragoza"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6296355680","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019\u20132023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326208","funder_display_name":"Gobierno de Arag\u00f3n"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324111","display_name":"Universidad de Zaragoza","ror":"https://ror.org/012a91z28"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326208","display_name":"Gobierno de Arag\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/0425pg203"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28404120","https://openalex.org/W1821496928","https://openalex.org/W1827189246","https://openalex.org/W1993704367","https://openalex.org/W2011224223","https://openalex.org/W2014051288","https://openalex.org/W2060626729","https://openalex.org/W2065462850","https://openalex.org/W2074701325","https://openalex.org/W2076604688","https://openalex.org/W2099137371","https://openalex.org/W2131588610","https://openalex.org/W2234639732","https://openalex.org/W2270016532","https://openalex.org/W2310347995","https://openalex.org/W2354520588","https://openalex.org/W2397242782","https://openalex.org/W2406290104","https://openalex.org/W2502170095","https://openalex.org/W2724478239","https://openalex.org/W2737058386","https://openalex.org/W2737879662","https://openalex.org/W2744703251","https://openalex.org/W2771020952","https://openalex.org/W2883414880","https://openalex.org/W2887167922","https://openalex.org/W2941924863","https://openalex.org/W2963379686","https://openalex.org/W2963514896","https://openalex.org/W2963748489","https://openalex.org/W2976189582","https://openalex.org/W2984900279","https://openalex.org/W3000307855","https://openalex.org/W3005731256","https://openalex.org/W3015461804","https://openalex.org/W3103457769","https://openalex.org/W3125734163","https://openalex.org/W4236168910","https://openalex.org/W4285723871","https://openalex.org/W6601118561","https://openalex.org/W6669481387","https://openalex.org/W6694063495","https://openalex.org/W6722561238","https://openalex.org/W6740300618","https://openalex.org/W6753944350","https://openalex.org/W7067753634"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2808909086","https://openalex.org/W2594893198","https://openalex.org/W2920851310","https://openalex.org/W2782567402","https://openalex.org/W3191127435","https://openalex.org/W4392109326","https://openalex.org/W3199887909","https://openalex.org/W3096163214","https://openalex.org/W4383670014","https://openalex.org/W3037977702"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Data":[0],"exfiltration":[1,227],"relies":[2],"primarily":[3],"on":[4,86],"network":[5],"protocols":[6,19,32,39,46,78,185],"for":[7,79,189],"unauthorized":[8],"data":[9,132,165,226],"transfers":[10],"from":[11],"information":[12],"systems.":[13],"In":[14,69,82,137,151],"addition":[15],"to":[16,40,50,130,145,161,197,199,211,224],"well-established":[17],"Internet":[18,35],"(such":[20],"as":[21,34,192],"DNS,":[22],"ICMP,":[23],"or":[24],"NTP,":[25],"among":[26],"others),":[27],"adversaries":[28],"can":[29],"use":[30],"newer":[31],"such":[33],"of":[36,54,76,149],"Things":[37],"(IoT)":[38],"inadvertently":[41],"exfiltrate":[42,131,146,164],"data.":[43,81,150],"These":[44],"IoT":[45,55,77,168,200,204,229],"are":[47,67,186,194,207],"specifically":[48],"designed":[49],"meet":[51],"the":[52,74,87,94,108,125,142,167],"limitations":[53],"devices":[56],"and":[57,63,105,107,123,127,163,177,183,206,222],"networks,":[58],"where":[59],"minimal":[60],"bandwidth":[61],"usage":[62],"low":[64],"power":[65],"consumption":[66],"desirable.":[68],"this":[70,152],"article,":[71],"we":[72,84,119,139,154,218],"review":[73,120],"suitability":[75],"exfiltrating":[80,190],"particular,":[83],"focus":[85],"Constrained":[88],"Application":[89],"Protocol":[90],"(CoAP;":[91],"version":[92,114],"1.0),":[93],"message":[95,110],"queuing":[96,111],"telemetry":[97],"transport":[98],"protocol":[99,112,135,169],"(MQTT;":[100],"in":[101,133,214,228],"its":[102,121],"versions":[103],"3.1.1":[104],"5.0),":[106],"advanced":[109],"(AMQP;":[113],"1.0).":[115],"For":[116],"each":[117,134],"protocol,":[118],"specification":[122],"calculate":[124],"overhead":[126],"available":[128],"space":[129],"message.":[136],"addition,":[138],"empirically":[140],"measure":[141],"elapsed":[143],"time":[144],"different":[147],"amounts":[148],"regard,":[153],"develop":[155],"a":[156],"software":[157],"tool":[158],"(dubbed":[159],"CHITON)":[160],"encapsulate":[162],"within":[166],"messages.":[170],"Our":[171],"results":[172],"show":[173],"that":[174],"both":[175,193],"MQTT":[176,182],"AMQP":[178,184],"outperform":[179],"CoAP.":[180],"Additionally,":[181],"best":[187],"suited":[188],"data,":[191],"commonly":[195],"used":[196],"connect":[198],"cloud":[201],"providers":[202],"through":[203],"gateways":[205],"therefore":[208],"more":[209],"likely":[210],"be":[212],"allowed":[213],"business":[215],"networks.":[216],"Finally,":[217],"also":[219],"provide":[220],"suggestions":[221],"recommendations":[223],"detect":[225],"protocols.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}