{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4211026163","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3150967","title":"GazPNE2: A General Place Name Extractor for Microblogs Fusing Gazetteers and Pretrained Transformer Models","display_name":"GazPNE2: A General Place Name Extractor for Microblogs Fusing Gazetteers and Pretrained Transformer Models","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4211026163","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3150967"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2022.3150967","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3150967","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/GazPNE2_A_general_place_name_extractor_for_microblogs_fusing_gazetteers_and_pretrained_transformer_models/24396877","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022428964","display_name":"Xuke Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5649-0243"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xuke Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Science Institute, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Jena, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science Institute, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Jena, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048546200","display_name":"Zhiyong Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6117-2071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyong Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065436711","display_name":"Yeran Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6847-614X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39586589","display_name":"Swansea University","ror":"https://ror.org/053fq8t95","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yeran Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046349685","display_name":"Jens Kersten","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4735-7360"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jens Kersten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Science Institute, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Jena, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science Institute, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Jena, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080030614","display_name":"Friederike Klan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1856-7334"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Friederike Klan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Science Institute, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Jena, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science Institute, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Jena, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036083161","display_name":"Hongchao Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0051-7451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongchao Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048847368","display_name":"Matti Wiegmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3911-0456"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51441396","display_name":"Bauhaus-Universit\u00e4t Weimar","ror":"https://ror.org/033bb5z47","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51441396"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matti Wiegmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Bauhaus-Universit&#x00E4;t Weimar, Weimar, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Bauhaus-Universit&#x00E4;t Weimar, Weimar, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51441396"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022428964"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":27.0768,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99635411,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"17","first_page":"16259","last_page":"16271"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9797999858856201,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8044317364692688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microblogging","display_name":"Microblogging","score":0.7861306667327881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.7721384763717651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extractor","display_name":"Extractor","score":0.4987483024597168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/situation-awareness","display_name":"Situation awareness","score":0.48953279852867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.4552326798439026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.42441922426223755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.4200974702835083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39536237716674805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3549097776412964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.32484251260757446}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8044317364692688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143275388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92438","display_name":"Microblogging","level":3,"score":0.7861306667327881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.7721384763717651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117978034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422192","display_name":"Extractor","level":2,"score":0.4987483024597168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145804949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478123","display_name":"Situation awareness","level":2,"score":0.48953279852867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.4552326798439026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.42441922426223755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4200974702835083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39536237716674805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3549097776412964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32484251260757446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2022.3150967","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3150967","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.5167/uzh-224312","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lincoln.ac.uk:49336","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/id/eprint/49336/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196275","display_name":"Lincoln Repository (University of Lincoln)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I51532219","host_organization_name":"University of Lincoln","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lincoln.ac.uk:49363","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/id/eprint/49363/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196275","display_name":"Lincoln Repository (University of Lincoln)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I51532219","host_organization_name":"University of Lincoln","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/24396877","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/GazPNE2_A_general_place_name_extractor_for_microblogs_fusing_gazetteers_and_pretrained_transformer_models/24396877","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/24396910","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/GazPNE2_A_general_place_name_extractor_for_microblogs_fusing_gazetteers_and_pretrained_transformer_models/24396910","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/24396877","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/GazPNE2_A_general_place_name_extractor_for_microblogs_fusing_gazetteers_and_pretrained_transformer_models/24396877","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":81,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W201630325","https://openalex.org/W641710284","https://openalex.org/W1507434893","https://openalex.org/W1604077659","https://openalex.org/W1968701380","https://openalex.org/W1972338643","https://openalex.org/W2004763266","https://openalex.org/W2018277822","https://openalex.org/W2028557920","https://openalex.org/W2036352651","https://openalex.org/W2095268565","https://openalex.org/W2096765155","https://openalex.org/W2104583100","https://openalex.org/W2120545936","https://openalex.org/W2123442489","https://openalex.org/W2129079462","https://openalex.org/W2151848474","https://openalex.org/W2167929175","https://openalex.org/W2251333278","https://openalex.org/W2281923079","https://openalex.org/W2284289336","https://openalex.org/W2293755787","https://openalex.org/W2402454488","https://openalex.org/W2522009427","https://openalex.org/W2755127771","https://openalex.org/W2767457504","https://openalex.org/W2770592549","https://openalex.org/W2778502130","https://openalex.org/W2796495817","https://openalex.org/W2805450062","https://openalex.org/W2862340573","https://openalex.org/W2885650385","https://openalex.org/W2888851113","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2904308465","https://openalex.org/W2909828422","https://openalex.org/W2912841887","https://openalex.org/W2940979366","https://openalex.org/W2949731435","https://openalex.org/W2951484092","https://openalex.org/W2963487003","https://openalex.org/W2963918747","https://openalex.org/W2990768562","https://openalex.org/W3024097351","https://openalex.org/W3037109418","https://openalex.org/W3096393000","https://openalex.org/W3098603252","https://openalex.org/W3099649963","https://openalex.org/W3104186312","https://openalex.org/W3105667161","https://openalex.org/W3111371400","https://openalex.org/W3127683045","https://openalex.org/W3134343811","https://openalex.org/W3139007848","https://openalex.org/W3143278329","https://openalex.org/W3150521545","https://openalex.org/W3156679502","https://openalex.org/W3158293012","https://openalex.org/W3170414516","https://openalex.org/W3172487697","https://openalex.org/W3173348482","https://openalex.org/W3183574542","https://openalex.org/W3187600773","https://openalex.org/W4241498528","https://openalex.org/W6631217535","https://openalex.org/W6682707525","https://openalex.org/W6695662000","https://openalex.org/W6712515090","https://openalex.org/W6712852526","https://openalex.org/W6713239141","https://openalex.org/W6713260182","https://openalex.org/W6732230265","https://openalex.org/W6738145355","https://openalex.org/W6742764516","https://openalex.org/W6744639116","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6766625056","https://openalex.org/W6793523623","https://openalex.org/W6793759310","https://openalex.org/W6798046312","https://openalex.org/W7027521370"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2728430307","https://openalex.org/W2107786128","https://openalex.org/W2053241453","https://openalex.org/W2537388533","https://openalex.org/W2978974359","https://openalex.org/W2153980712","https://openalex.org/W2021183651","https://openalex.org/W2353191283","https://openalex.org/W1480788117","https://openalex.org/W2295347667"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,185],"concept":[1],"of":[2,30,33,40,226],"\u201chuman":[3],"as":[4,15,47,55,90],"sensors\u201d":[5],"defines":[6],"a":[7,99,190],"new":[8],"sensing":[9],"model,":[10],"in":[11,70],"which":[12,35,128,233],"humans":[13],"act":[14,54],"sensors":[16],"by":[17,97],"contributing":[18,85],"their":[19,82],"observations,":[20],"perceptions,":[21],"and":[22,63,116,120,126,144,148,151,160,178,242,247],"sensations.":[23],"This":[24],"is":[25,36,228],"crucial":[26],"for":[27,66,84,102],"the":[28,48,183,196,238],"development":[29],"Social":[31],"Internet":[32],"Things,":[34],"an":[37],"integral":[38],"part":[39],"cyber-physical\u2013social":[41],"systems.":[42],"Online":[43],"social":[44,56],"media":[45],"platforms,":[46],"most":[49],"active":[50],"places":[51,181],"where":[52],"users":[53],"sensors,":[57],"are":[58,64,234,249],"responsive":[59],"to":[60,86,203,211],"real-world":[61],"events":[62,215],"useful":[65],"gathering":[67],"situational":[68],"information":[69],"real":[71],"time.":[72],"Unfortunately,":[73],"posts":[74],"rarely":[75],"contain":[76],"structured":[77],"geographic":[78],"information,":[79],"thus":[80],"hindering":[81],"usage":[83],"various":[87],"challenges,":[88],"such":[89],"emergency":[91],"response.":[92],"We":[93],"address":[94],"this":[95],"limitation":[96],"introducing":[98],"general":[100],"approach":[101],"extracting":[103],"place":[104,137,152],"names":[105,138,153],"from":[106,237],"tweets,":[107,232],"named":[108],"GazPNE2.":[109],"It":[110,134],"combines":[111],"global":[112],"gazetteers":[113],"(i.e.,":[114,124],"OpenStreetMap":[115],"GeoNames),":[117],"deep":[118],"learning,":[119],"pretrained":[121],"transformer":[122],"models":[123],"BERT":[125],"BERTweet),":[127],"requires":[129],"no":[130],"manually":[131,244],"annotated":[132],"data.":[133],"can":[135],"extract":[136],"at":[139],"both":[140],"coarse":[141],"(e.g.,":[142,146,216],"city)":[143],"fine-grained":[145],"street":[147],"POI)":[149],"levels":[150],"with":[154,163],"abbreviations.":[155],"To":[156],"fully":[157],"evaluate":[158],"GazPNE2":[159,188,202],"compare":[161],"it":[162],"11":[164],"competing":[165],"approaches,":[166],"we":[167,200],"use":[168],"19":[169],"public":[170],"tweet":[171,207],"data":[172,208,240,248],"sets,":[173],"containing":[174,220],"38":[175],"802":[176],"tweets":[177],"22":[179],"197":[180],"across":[182],"world.":[184],"results":[186],"show":[187],"achieves":[189],"much":[191],"higher":[192],"F1":[193,225],"(0.8)":[194],"than":[195],"other":[197],"approaches.":[198],"Furthermore,":[199],"apply":[201],"three":[204,239],"large":[205],"unannotated":[206],"sets":[209,241],"related":[210],"over":[212],"20":[213],"crisis":[214],"coronavirus":[217],"disease":[218],"2019),":[219],"560":[221],"040":[222],"tweets.":[223],"An":[224],"0.84":[227],"achieved":[229],"on":[230,251],"3000":[231],"randomly":[235],"selected":[236],"then":[243],"annotated.":[245],"Code":[246],"available":[250],"GitHub":[252],"page:":[253],"<uri":[254],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[255],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://github.com/uhuohuy/GazPNE2</uri>":[256],".":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}