{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210300212","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3148767","title":"Simple Clock Drift Estimation and Compensation for Packet-Level Index Modulation and Its Implementation in LoRaWAN","display_name":"Simple Clock Drift Estimation and Compensation for Packet-Level Index Modulation and Its Implementation in LoRaWAN","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210300212","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3148767"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2022.3148767","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3148767","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044039848","display_name":"Kohei Tsurumi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2046-4980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kohei Tsurumi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Wireless and Communication Research Center, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2046-4980","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Wireless and Communication Research Center, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014742453","display_name":"Aoto Kaburaki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5751-5852"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aoto Kaburaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Wireless and Communication Research Center, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5751-5852","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Wireless and Communication Research Center, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032592463","display_name":"Koichi Adachi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3463-1233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koichi Adachi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Wireless and Communication Research Center, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3463-1233","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Wireless and Communication Research Center, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006789640","display_name":"Osamu Takyu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3221-6714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137975476","display_name":"Shinshu University","ror":"https://ror.org/0244rem06","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137975476"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Osamu Takyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3221-6714","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137975476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103980966","display_name":"Mai Ohta","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31784960","display_name":"Fukuoka University","ror":"https://ror.org/04nt8b154","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31784960"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mai Ohta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31784960"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054932044","display_name":"Takeo Fujii","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7886-5560"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takeo Fujii","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Wireless and Communication Research Center, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7886-5560","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Wireless and Communication Research Center, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1485,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76097628,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"16","first_page":"15089","last_page":"15099"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-drift","display_name":"Clock drift","score":0.8506070971488953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lpwan","display_name":"LPWAN","score":0.783180832862854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7190026640892029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.6651089787483215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-synchronization","display_name":"Clock synchronization","score":0.5858848094940186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5503520369529724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.5106716752052307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-skew","display_name":"Clock skew","score":0.48883622884750366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.4753529727458954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compensation","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","score":0.42048245668411255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3781971335411072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wide-area-network","display_name":"Wide area network","score":0.3528480529785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.3386997580528259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.33082687854766846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jitter","display_name":"Jitter","score":0.32939428091049194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-signal","display_name":"Clock signal","score":0.18038058280944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12679201364517212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1109684407711029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10262006521224976}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155837451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069144","display_name":"Clock drift","level":5,"score":0.8506070971488953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776445043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20706829","display_name":"LPWAN","level":3,"score":0.783180832862854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7190026640892029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.6651089787483215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129891060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513059","display_name":"Clock synchronization","level":4,"score":0.5858848094940186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5503520369529724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.5106716752052307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60501442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4382014","display_name":"Clock skew","level":4,"score":0.48883622884750366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4753529727458954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780023022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338171","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.42048245668411255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3781971335411072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776238582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11384","display_name":"Wide area network","level":2,"score":0.3528480529785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.3386997580528259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.33082687854766846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134652429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052698","display_name":"Jitter","level":2,"score":0.32939428091049194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137059387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426882","display_name":"Clock signal","level":3,"score":0.18038058280944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12679201364517212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1109684407711029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10262006521224976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2022.3148767","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3148767","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8299999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6789307581","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MIC/SCOPE JP205004001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325628","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325628","display_name":"Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/00vs1pz50"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2097708184","https://openalex.org/W2213663601","https://openalex.org/W2328724333","https://openalex.org/W2766513146","https://openalex.org/W2884945696","https://openalex.org/W2887338779","https://openalex.org/W2889638344","https://openalex.org/W2896592586","https://openalex.org/W2898664533","https://openalex.org/W2901111720","https://openalex.org/W2902596366","https://openalex.org/W2903076712","https://openalex.org/W2908628946","https://openalex.org/W2914844463","https://openalex.org/W2921945452","https://openalex.org/W2964281967","https://openalex.org/W2975119875","https://openalex.org/W2976744022","https://openalex.org/W2980805633","https://openalex.org/W3007562991","https://openalex.org/W3047589269","https://openalex.org/W3081995034","https://openalex.org/W3092576073","https://openalex.org/W3101536468","https://openalex.org/W3105509069","https://openalex.org/W3107540327","https://openalex.org/W3109478595","https://openalex.org/W3111755007","https://openalex.org/W3121957966","https://openalex.org/W3129079327","https://openalex.org/W3133776659"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2097148648","https://openalex.org/W4312714696","https://openalex.org/W2357962858","https://openalex.org/W2141034103","https://openalex.org/W1974603457","https://openalex.org/W2056842641","https://openalex.org/W3165357848","https://openalex.org/W4210300212","https://openalex.org/W2900863892","https://openalex.org/W2013800430"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Low-power":[0],"wide-area":[1,8],"network":[2,9],"(LPWAN),":[3],"which":[4,94,115,145],"includes":[5],"the":[6,45,54,66,96,107,111,116,137,154,168,177,185,195,200],"long-range":[7,22],"(LoRaWAN)":[10],"protocol,":[11],"is":[12,73,119,129,173,207],"an":[13,29],"enabling":[14],"technology":[15],"that":[16,190],"satisfy":[17],"low":[18],"power":[19],"consumption":[20],"and":[21,91,127,153,164,214],"communication.":[23],"In":[24,64],"many":[25],"applications":[26],"of":[27,47,56,88,202],"LPWAN,":[28],"end":[30],"node":[31,152,213],"(EN)":[32],"transmits":[33,81],"data":[34,62,117],"at":[35],"regular":[36],"intervals.":[37],"Based":[38],"on":[39,142,209],"this,":[40],"we":[41],"had":[42],"previously":[43],"proposed":[44],"concept":[46],"packet-level":[48],"index":[49,198],"modulation":[50],"(PLIM)":[51],"to":[52,98,136,175,216],"increase":[53],"number":[55],"information":[57,101],"bits":[58],"transmitted":[59],"by":[60],"one":[61],"packet.":[63],"PLIM,":[65],"generation":[67],"interval":[68],"between":[69,125,150],"two":[70],"consecutive":[71],"packets":[72],"split":[74],"into":[75],"multiple":[76],"time":[77,89,112,196],"slots.":[78],"Each":[79],"EN":[80,126],"its":[82,218],"packet":[83,118],"in":[84,114,147],"a":[85,159,210],"specific":[86],"combination":[87],"slot":[90,113,197],"frequency":[92],"channel,":[93],"represents":[95],"index,":[97],"convey":[99],"additional":[100,105],"bits.":[102],"To":[103],"retrieve":[104],"information,":[106],"gateway":[108],"(GW)":[109],"detects":[110],"being":[120],"transmitted.":[121],"Therefore,":[122],"accurate":[123],"synchronization":[124],"GW":[128,215],"essential.":[130],"However,":[131],"clock":[132,140,161,178,186,203],"drift":[133,162,187],"occurs":[134],"due":[135],"inexpensive":[138],"real-time":[139],"oscillator":[141],"each":[143,151],"EN,":[144],"results":[146,182],"timing":[148],"misalignment":[149],"GW.":[155],"This":[156],"article":[157],"proposes":[158],"simple":[160],"estimation":[163],"compensation":[165],"method":[166],"for":[167],"PLIM.":[169],"An":[170],"experimental":[171],"measurement":[172],"performed":[174],"model":[176,188],"drift.":[179,204],"The":[180],"numerical":[181],"obtained":[183],"using":[184],"show":[189],"it":[191],"can":[192],"accurately":[193],"detect":[194],"under":[199],"influence":[201],"Furthermore,":[205],"PLIM":[206],"implemented":[208],"commercial":[211],"LoRaWAN":[212],"demonstrate":[217],"practicability.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}