{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210400539","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3147040","title":"Exploring Targeted and Stealthy False Data Injection Attacks via Adversarial Machine Learning","display_name":"Exploring Targeted and Stealthy False Data Injection Attacks via Adversarial Machine Learning","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210400539","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3147040"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2022.3147040","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3147040","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083064267","display_name":"Jiwei Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1485-7465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104252","display_name":"Air Force Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00seraz22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiwei Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Traffic Control and Navigation College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1485-7465","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Traffic Control and Navigation College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042938268","display_name":"Buhong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7425-0502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104252","display_name":"Air Force Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00seraz22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Buhong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information and Navigation College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7425-0502","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information and Navigation College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100336975","display_name":"Jing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7027-5574"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36152291","display_name":"Henan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05sbgwt55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Design and Art, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Design and Art, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003378750","display_name":"Zhen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5765-0827"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104252","display_name":"Air Force Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00seraz22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information and Navigation College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5765-0827","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information and Navigation College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025328969","display_name":"Bowen Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0892-7371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bowen Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cryptogram Engineering, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cryptogram Engineering, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054882290","display_name":"Mete \u00d6zay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7189-7260"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mete Ozay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083064267"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.3527,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97525067,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"15","first_page":"14116","last_page":"14125"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12495","display_name":"Electrostatic Discharge in Electronics","score":0.9749000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.850650429725647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.6535606384277344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5909949541091919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5360814332962036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attack-model","display_name":"Attack model","score":0.48418715596199036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.4727937877178192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4673771262168884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-machine-learning","display_name":"Adversarial machine learning","score":0.4566570520401001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4397995173931122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41398629546165466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.41113442182540894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.35470131039619446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1600203812122345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07238489389419556}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.850650429725647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.6535606384277344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5909949541091919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5360814332962036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65856478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3991682","display_name":"Attack model","level":2,"score":0.48418715596199036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.4727937877178192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4673771262168884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778403875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20312394","display_name":"Adversarial machine learning","level":3,"score":0.4566570520401001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4397995173931122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41398629546165466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.41113442182540894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35470131039619446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1600203812122345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07238489389419556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2022.3147040","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3147040","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3198755266","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZK21-44","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332928","funder_display_name":"National Defense University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4069362428","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62101560","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6496730809","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61902426","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332928","display_name":"National Defense University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1598852905","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W1964676527","https://openalex.org/W2038651258","https://openalex.org/W2106424475","https://openalex.org/W2180612164","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2332912277","https://openalex.org/W2603766943","https://openalex.org/W2606101940","https://openalex.org/W2607219512","https://openalex.org/W2620038827","https://openalex.org/W2765424254","https://openalex.org/W2918639172","https://openalex.org/W2950468330","https://openalex.org/W2951316647","https://openalex.org/W2953228531","https://openalex.org/W2963389226","https://openalex.org/W2963744840","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2964082701","https://openalex.org/W2964219812","https://openalex.org/W2964351981","https://openalex.org/W2977854028","https://openalex.org/W2981727857","https://openalex.org/W2982115741","https://openalex.org/W2984195658","https://openalex.org/W2984841587","https://openalex.org/W2990850284","https://openalex.org/W2994618658","https://openalex.org/W3003753545","https://openalex.org/W3004095348","https://openalex.org/W3013246316","https://openalex.org/W3017674813","https://openalex.org/W3020927716","https://openalex.org/W3021254375","https://openalex.org/W3022019846","https://openalex.org/W3022437389","https://openalex.org/W3025412407","https://openalex.org/W3034079382","https://openalex.org/W3043746430","https://openalex.org/W3093277873","https://openalex.org/W3097974940","https://openalex.org/W3103557498","https://openalex.org/W3109531627","https://openalex.org/W3115392585","https://openalex.org/W3116466274","https://openalex.org/W3118019547","https://openalex.org/W3126610359","https://openalex.org/W3132278568","https://openalex.org/W3135537813","https://openalex.org/W3165880105","https://openalex.org/W3196302005","https://openalex.org/W3214465091","https://openalex.org/W3215396741","https://openalex.org/W4205749087","https://openalex.org/W4226237874","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6729756640","https://openalex.org/W6734787559","https://openalex.org/W6736207377","https://openalex.org/W6736534893","https://openalex.org/W6784084841","https://openalex.org/W6790991174"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3048732067","https://openalex.org/W4383468834","https://openalex.org/W4283221438","https://openalex.org/W2900159906","https://openalex.org/W4384648009","https://openalex.org/W4287828318","https://openalex.org/W2406556600","https://openalex.org/W4380352238","https://openalex.org/W2950183588","https://openalex.org/W3126470649"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"State":[0],"estimation":[1],"methods":[2,24],"used":[3],"in":[4,178],"cyber\u2013physical":[5],"systems":[6],"(CPSs),":[7],"such":[8,30],"as":[9,70,122,124,136],"smart":[10],"grid,":[11],"are":[12,36],"vulnerable":[13],"to":[14,28,39,57,74,90,134],"false":[15],"data":[16,157],"injection":[17],"attacks":[18,117,145,151],"(FDIAs).":[19],"Although":[20],"substantial":[21],"deep":[22,32],"learning":[23],"have":[25],"been":[26],"proposed":[27,144],"detect":[29],"attacks,":[31,41],"neural":[33,160],"networks":[34],"(DNNs)":[35],"highly":[37],"susceptible":[38],"adversarial":[40,64],"which":[42,170],"modify":[43],"input":[44],"of":[45,114,139],"DNNs":[46],"with":[47,118],"unnoticeable":[48],"but":[49],"malicious":[50],"perturbations.":[51],"This":[52],"article":[53],"proposes":[54],"a":[55,86,172],"method":[56],"explore":[58,96],"targeted":[59],"and":[60,79,95,108,159,174],"stealthy":[61,81],"FDIAs":[62,69],"via":[63],"machine":[65],"learning.":[66],"We":[67,84],"pose":[68],"sparse":[71,116],"optimization":[72,88],"problems":[73,94],"achieve":[75],"initial":[76,166],"attack":[77,129,140,167],"objectives":[78,168],"remain":[80],"during":[82],"attacks.":[83,99],"propose":[85],"parallel":[87],"algorithm":[89],"efficiently":[91],"solve":[92],"the":[93,111,128,137,165],"additional":[97],"sparse-state":[98],"The":[100,143],"experimental":[101],"results":[102],"show":[103],"that":[104,147,152],"for":[105],"IEEE":[106],"14-bus":[107],"118-bus":[109],"systems,":[110],"success":[112,130],"rate":[113,131],"two-state":[115],"small-scale":[119],"targets":[120],"is":[121,171],"high":[123],"80%.":[125],"In":[126],"addition,":[127],"can":[132,149,153],"continue":[133],"increase":[135],"number":[138],"states":[141],"increases.":[142],"demonstrate":[146],"attackers":[148],"implement":[150],"bypass":[154],"both":[155],"bad":[156],"detectors":[158,162],"network":[161],"while":[163],"keeping":[164],"unchanged,":[169],"critical":[173],"urgent":[175],"security":[176],"threat":[177],"CPS.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
