{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205874449","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3138971","title":"A Blockchain-Based Human-to-Infrastructure Contact Tracing Approach for COVID-19","display_name":"A Blockchain-Based Human-to-Infrastructure Contact Tracing Approach for COVID-19","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205874449","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3138971"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3138971","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3138971","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101863162","display_name":"Danxin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4545-4551"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danxin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Hubei LuoJia Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4545-4551","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Hubei LuoJia Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083484070","display_name":"Xianhao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4295-940X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianhao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4295-940X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7144-9089"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11957088","display_name":"Michigan Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/0036rpn28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7144-9089","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016290340","display_name":"Yuguang Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1079-3871"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuguang Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1079-3871","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084572310","display_name":"Chuanhe Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5554-4871"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuanhe Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Hubei LuoJia Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5554-4871","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Hubei LuoJia Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2174,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90343751,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"14","first_page":"12836","last_page":"12847"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12943","display_name":"COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12943","display_name":"COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9811000227928162,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contact-tracing","display_name":"Contact tracing","score":0.8285143375396729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7440502047538757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6589528322219849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.6254293918609619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.5806553363800049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.42922770977020264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.4144333600997925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.3365752696990967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.33124205470085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3294987678527832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.2880452573299408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11035400629043579}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113162765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128437","display_name":"Contact tracing","level":5,"score":0.8285143375396729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7440502047538757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6589528322219849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.6254293918609619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.5806553363800049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.42922770977020264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.4144333600997925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3365752696990967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.33124205470085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3294987678527832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.2880452573299408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11035400629043579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3138971","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3138971","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.mtu.edu:michigantech-p-35504","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/michigantech-p/16204","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196391","display_name":"Digital Commons - Michigan Tech (Michigan Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I11957088","host_organization_name":"Michigan Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.mtu.edu:michigantech-p-35582","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/michigantech-p/16283","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196391","display_name":"Digital Commons - Michigan Tech (Michigan Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I11957088","host_organization_name":"Michigan Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5678643688","display_name":"\u9762\u5411\u81ea\u52a8\u9a7e\u9a76\u7684\u8f66\u8054\u7f51\u9ad8\u6548\u901a\u4fe1\u673a\u5236\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61772385","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6886402346","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-1722791","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1532961226","https://openalex.org/W2031014824","https://openalex.org/W2114021497","https://openalex.org/W2143087446","https://openalex.org/W2328788535","https://openalex.org/W2786151040","https://openalex.org/W2884325794","https://openalex.org/W2921980263","https://openalex.org/W2943906499","https://openalex.org/W2998024900","https://openalex.org/W3006197205","https://openalex.org/W3013215798","https://openalex.org/W3016091473","https://openalex.org/W3027138609","https://openalex.org/W3036422000","https://openalex.org/W3037478749","https://openalex.org/W3040061463","https://openalex.org/W3088123725","https://openalex.org/W3093729430","https://openalex.org/W3094369022","https://openalex.org/W6776613861","https://openalex.org/W6780612591","https://openalex.org/W6780630494"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W3158100496","https://openalex.org/W3130225502","https://openalex.org/W2170160357","https://openalex.org/W4399915950","https://openalex.org/W2012140923","https://openalex.org/W4287554683"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,41],"a":[1,46,107],"post-pandemic":[2,55],"era":[3],"with":[4,14,77],"personal":[5],"precautions":[6],"and":[7,17,35,61,68,87,99,124,131,169],"vaccination,":[8],"the":[9,18,54,63,74,84,89,96,126,129,140,147,156,163,179,188,191,197],"emergence":[10],"of":[11,92,120,142,158,165,190,199],"COVID-19":[12],"variants":[13],"higher":[15],"transmissibility":[16],"socio-economic":[19],"reopening":[20],"have":[21],"raised":[22],"new":[23],"challenges":[24],"to":[25,72,82,116,154,182],"existing":[26],"human-to-human":[27],"digital":[28],"contact":[29,50,103,184],"tracing":[30,51],"systems,":[31],"where":[32],"privacy,":[33],"efficiency,":[34],"energy-consumption":[36],"issues":[37,101],"are":[38,176],"major":[39],"concerns.":[40],"this":[42],"article,":[43],"we":[44,105,145],"propose":[45],"novel":[47],"blockchain-based":[48],"human-to-infrastructure":[49],"framework":[52],"for":[53],"era.":[56],"Specifically,":[57],"our":[58,200],"approach":[59],"collects":[60],"records":[62],"interaction":[64,135],"information":[65,133],"between":[66,128,167],"persons":[67],"predeployed":[69],"anchor":[70],"nodes":[71],"trace":[73],"possible":[75],"contacts":[76,86],"confirmed":[78,143,170],"patients,":[79,144],"so":[80],"as":[81],"capture":[83],"indirect":[85],"reduces":[88],"energy":[90],"consumption":[91],"users.":[93],"To":[94,137],"address":[95],"privacy":[97,141],"leakage":[98],"reliability":[100],"in":[102,134],"tracing,":[104,185],"introduce":[106,146],"self-sovereign":[108],"identity":[109,130],"(SSI)":[110],"model-based":[111],"blockchain":[112,181],"which":[113,186],"enables":[114],"users":[115,168],"gain":[117],"full":[118],"control":[119],"their":[121],"own":[122],"identities":[123],"eliminate":[125],"linkage":[127],"location":[132],"records.":[136],"further":[138],"preserve":[139],"private":[148],"set":[149],"intersection":[150],"cardinality":[151],"(PSI-CA)":[152],"protocol":[153],"estimate":[155],"risk":[157],"infection":[159],"by":[160],"only":[161],"counting":[162],"number":[164],"encounters":[166],"patients.":[171],"Two":[172],"self-executed":[173],"smart":[174],"contracts":[175],"deployed":[177],"on":[178],"SSI":[180],"perform":[183],"guarantees":[187],"robustness":[189],"system.":[192],"The":[193],"performance":[194],"analysis":[195],"validates":[196],"effectiveness":[198],"approach.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}