{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3212923306","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3135632","title":"Reinforcement Learning for Security-Aware Computation Offloading in Satellite Networks","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning for Security-Aware Computation Offloading in Satellite Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3212923306","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3135632","mag":"3212923306"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3135632","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3135632","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070382610","display_name":"Saurav Sthapit","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7421-0479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saurav Sthapit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7421-0479","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073467476","display_name":"Subhash Lakshminarayana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6349-9780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Subhash Lakshminarayana","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6349-9780","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064596191","display_name":"Ligang He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5671-0576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ligang He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5671-0576","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043277300","display_name":"Gregory Epiphaniou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1054-6368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregory Epiphaniou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1054-6368","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080175512","display_name":"Carsten Maple","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4715-212X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carsten Maple","raw_affiliation_strings":["Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4715-212X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.7384,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99124847,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"14","first_page":"12351","last_page":"12363"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8145214915275574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.761744499206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.6125113368034363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.47851836681365967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.4622689485549927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.45497724413871765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.4509612023830414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4194006323814392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3875545263290405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.37935370206832886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.24288350343704224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.18171343207359314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11662951111793518}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8145214915275574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.761744499206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.6125113368034363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.47851836681365967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.4622689485549927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.45497724413871765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.4509612023830414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4194006323814392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3875545263290405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.37935370206832886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.24288350343704224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.18171343207359314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11662951111793518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3135632","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3135632","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:wrap.warwick.ac.uk:162629","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/162629/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400665","display_name":"Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","host_organization_name":"University of Warwick","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G534209327","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R026092 (FAIR-SPACE Hub)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7282611729","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R007195/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8079345471","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N02298X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W34141764","https://openalex.org/W135287940","https://openalex.org/W169931978","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1957358593","https://openalex.org/W1981564661","https://openalex.org/W2002679258","https://openalex.org/W2058554289","https://openalex.org/W2059110084","https://openalex.org/W2067398275","https://openalex.org/W2075691307","https://openalex.org/W2108343462","https://openalex.org/W2115334003","https://openalex.org/W2131508247","https://openalex.org/W2138373544","https://openalex.org/W2141587120","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2150010995","https://openalex.org/W2151523666","https://openalex.org/W2159282297","https://openalex.org/W2166874862","https://openalex.org/W2173248099","https://openalex.org/W2400861403","https://openalex.org/W2416799949","https://openalex.org/W2525431032","https://openalex.org/W2593887026","https://openalex.org/W2594560857","https://openalex.org/W2604813584","https://openalex.org/W2624989916","https://openalex.org/W2743363440","https://openalex.org/W2751904527","https://openalex.org/W2766971942","https://openalex.org/W2783508736","https://openalex.org/W2808381205","https://openalex.org/W2811104053","https://openalex.org/W2885325714","https://openalex.org/W2898035736","https://openalex.org/W2905561316","https://openalex.org/W2906687478","https://openalex.org/W2920054549","https://openalex.org/W2963060851","https://openalex.org/W2963334314","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W2964098968","https://openalex.org/W2966775234","https://openalex.org/W2981367186","https://openalex.org/W2995920492","https://openalex.org/W2996568029","https://openalex.org/W3003290062","https://openalex.org/W3004560738","https://openalex.org/W3012002440","https://openalex.org/W3012432546","https://openalex.org/W3012533232","https://openalex.org/W3022612213","https://openalex.org/W3033743708","https://openalex.org/W3042088791","https://openalex.org/W3089706104","https://openalex.org/W3101824822","https://openalex.org/W3105108969","https://openalex.org/W3106445841","https://openalex.org/W3113229535","https://openalex.org/W3121477569","https://openalex.org/W3124943657","https://openalex.org/W3138627822","https://openalex.org/W3148885632","https://openalex.org/W3177701684","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6779520014"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W3084456289","https://openalex.org/W2024136090","https://openalex.org/W4391331176","https://openalex.org/W2031695474","https://openalex.org/W2586732548","https://openalex.org/W2964765435"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rise":[1],"ofNewSpaceprovides":[2],"a":[3,54,96,126],"platform":[4],"for":[5,25,99],"small":[6],"and":[7,13,39,66,78,94,130,133],"medium":[8],"businesses":[9],"to":[10,20,45],"commercially":[11],"launch":[12],"operate":[14],"satellites":[15,40],"in":[16,29,57,63,68,91],"space.":[17,30],"In":[18,84],"contrast":[19],"traditional":[21],"satellites,NewSpaceprovides":[22],"the":[23,76,82,106,138],"opportunity":[24],"delivering":[26],"computing":[27],"platforms":[28],"However,":[31,73],"computational":[32,48],"resources":[33],"within":[34],"space":[35,71,92],"are":[36],"usually":[37],"expensive":[38],"may":[41],"not":[42],"be":[43],"able":[44],"compute":[46],"all":[47],"tasks":[49],"locally.":[50],"Computation":[51],"offloading":[52],"(CO),":[53],"popular":[55],"practice":[56],"Edge/Fog":[58],"computing,":[59],"could":[60],"prove":[61],"effective":[62,124],"saving":[64],"energy":[65],"time":[67],"this":[69,85],"resource-limited":[70],"ecosystem.":[72],"CO":[74],"alters":[75],"threat":[77],"risk":[79],"profile":[80],"of":[81,128,140,143],"system.":[83],"article,":[86],"we":[87],"analyze":[88],"security":[89],"issues":[90],"systems":[93],"propose":[95],"security-aware":[97],"algorithm":[98,122],"CO.":[100],"Our":[101],"method":[102],"is":[103,123],"based":[104],"on":[105],"reinforcement":[107],"learning":[108],"technique,":[109],"deep":[110],"deterministic":[111],"policy":[112],"gradient":[113],"(DDPG).":[114],"We":[115],"show,":[116],"using":[117],"Monte-Carlo":[118],"simulations,":[119],"that":[120],"our":[121],"under":[125],"variety":[127],"environment":[129],"network":[131],"conditions":[132],"provide":[134],"novel":[135],"insights":[136],"into":[137],"challenge":[139],"optimized":[141],"location":[142],"computation.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}