{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3215845228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3131742","title":"Toward Nonintrusive Camera-Based Heart Rate Variability Estimation in the Car Under Naturalistic Condition","display_name":"Toward Nonintrusive Camera-Based Heart Rate Variability Estimation in the Car Under Naturalistic Condition","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3215845228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3131742","mag":"3215845228"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3131742","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3131742","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7708&context=sis_research","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101839674","display_name":"Shu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9576-9335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zurich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zurich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102752039","display_name":"Kevin Koch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4523-2668"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202963720","display_name":"University of St. Gallen","ror":"https://ror.org/0561a3s31","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202963720"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Koch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Technology Management, University of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Technology Management, University of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202963720"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011140675","display_name":"Zimu Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5457-6967"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zimu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048901215","display_name":"Martin Maritsch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9920-0587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Maritsch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zurich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zurich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102221941","display_name":"Xiaoxi He","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxi He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063968302","display_name":"Elgar Fleisch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4842-1117"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elgar Fleisch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zurich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zurich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075501060","display_name":"Felix Wortmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5034-2023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202963720","display_name":"University of St. Gallen","ror":"https://ror.org/0561a3s31","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202963720"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felix Wortmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Technology Management, University of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Technology Management, University of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202963720"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101839674"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7609,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68204111,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"14","first_page":"11699","last_page":"11711"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7759466767311096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heartbeat","display_name":"Heartbeat","score":0.6833402514457703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-rate-variability","display_name":"Heart rate variability","score":0.5506656169891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.49563515186309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4906140863895416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3251259922981262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.32512494921684265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-rate","display_name":"Heart rate","score":0.19240477681159973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7759466767311096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13852961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17021880","display_name":"Heartbeat","level":2,"score":0.6833402514457703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71635504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q933954","display_name":"Heart rate variability","level":4,"score":0.5506656169891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49563515186309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4906140863895416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3251259922981262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32512494921684265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777953023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1073121","display_name":"Heart rate","level":3,"score":0.19240477681159973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84393581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642","display_name":"Blood pressure","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3131742","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3131742","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.alexandria.unisg.ch:267653","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400650","display_name":"Alexandria (UniSG) (University of St.Gallen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210158813","host_organization_name":"St.Gallen University of Teacher Education","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158813"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:sis_research-7708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7708&context=sis_research","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196871","display_name":"Institutional Knowledge (InK) - Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2021.3131742","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:sis_research-7708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7708&context=sis_research","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196871","display_name":"Institutional Knowledge (InK) - Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2021.3131742","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W125576368","https://openalex.org/W182856779","https://openalex.org/W1503796923","https://openalex.org/W1595126664","https://openalex.org/W1854129652","https://openalex.org/W1975938786","https://openalex.org/W1984979307","https://openalex.org/W1992889332","https://openalex.org/W2008821584","https://openalex.org/W2016778993","https://openalex.org/W2019177772","https://openalex.org/W2021294456","https://openalex.org/W2041775463","https://openalex.org/W2059362318","https://openalex.org/W2071878275","https://openalex.org/W2080941050","https://openalex.org/W2106525823","https://openalex.org/W2114857415","https://openalex.org/W2143070600","https://openalex.org/W2150434604","https://openalex.org/W2156736318","https://openalex.org/W2162364152","https://openalex.org/W2282606863","https://openalex.org/W2285072859","https://openalex.org/W2313602734","https://openalex.org/W2427775456","https://openalex.org/W2520509592","https://openalex.org/W2546575995","https://openalex.org/W2561869757","https://openalex.org/W2571328651","https://openalex.org/W2592340788","https://openalex.org/W2618581983","https://openalex.org/W2622755869","https://openalex.org/W2759190050","https://openalex.org/W2779582454","https://openalex.org/W2792140820","https://openalex.org/W2794827469","https://openalex.org/W2794997027","https://openalex.org/W2885403181","https://openalex.org/W2915317031","https://openalex.org/W2916904544","https://openalex.org/W2934625602","https://openalex.org/W2943337555","https://openalex.org/W2963766394","https://openalex.org/W2963786491","https://openalex.org/W2964422804","https://openalex.org/W2967042165","https://openalex.org/W2971516098","https://openalex.org/W2982196965","https://openalex.org/W3005904581","https://openalex.org/W3011594367","https://openalex.org/W3034366997","https://openalex.org/W3141735920","https://openalex.org/W3143928830","https://openalex.org/W3162265118","https://openalex.org/W3175858061","https://openalex.org/W3195413134","https://openalex.org/W3199463427","https://openalex.org/W3206551500","https://openalex.org/W4236102187"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385543909","https://openalex.org/W3039320222","https://openalex.org/W3199640442","https://openalex.org/W1898280036","https://openalex.org/W2315807364","https://openalex.org/W2382278803","https://openalex.org/W2376695684","https://openalex.org/W1982967776","https://openalex.org/W2803040299","https://openalex.org/W2071516037"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Driver":[0],"status":[1],"monitoring":[2],"systems":[3],"are":[4,86,94,186,249],"a":[5,110,121,166,177,199,235,262],"vital":[6],"component":[7],"of":[8,22,35,41,47,51,61,105,113,142,254],"smart":[9],"cars":[10],"in":[11,15,26,75,242,261],"the":[12,16,27,36,49,52,62,76,103,114,139,143,158,189,222],"future,":[13],"especially":[14],"era":[17],"when":[18],"an":[19],"increasing":[20],"amount":[21],"time":[23],"is":[24,33,120,136,174],"spent":[25],"vehicle.":[28],"The":[29,131,172,226],"heart":[30],"rate":[31],"(HR)":[32],"one":[34],"most":[37],"important":[38],"physiological":[39,129],"signals":[40],"driver":[42],"status.":[43,130],"To":[44,193],"infer":[45],"HR":[46,106,115],"drivers,":[48],"mainstream":[50],"existing":[53,79,162],"research":[54],"focused":[55],"on":[56,82,102,138,231,251],"capturing":[57],"subtle":[58],"heartbeat-induced":[59],"vibration":[60],"torso":[63],"or":[64,93,217],"leveraged":[65],"photoplethysmography":[66],"(PPG)":[67],"that":[68,85,154],"detects":[69],"cardiac":[70],"cycle-related":[71],"blood":[72],"volume":[73],"changes":[74],"microvascular.":[77],"However,":[78],"approaches":[80],"rely":[81],"dedicated":[83],"sensors":[84],"expensive":[87],"and":[88,128,182,221,244],"cumbersome":[89],"to":[90,96,157,175,213],"be":[91,149],"integrated":[92],"vulnerable":[95],"ambient":[97],"noise.":[98],"Moreover,":[99],"their":[100],"performance":[101,211],"detection":[104],"does":[107],"not":[108],"guarantee":[109],"reliable":[111],"computation":[112,133],"variability":[116],"(HRV)":[117],"measure,":[118],"which":[119,146,206],"more":[122],"applicable":[123],"metric":[124],"for":[125],"inferring":[126],"mental":[127],"accurate":[132],"HRV":[134,169,209],"measure":[135],"based":[137,250],"precise":[140],"measurement":[141],"beat-to-beat":[144],"interval,":[145],"can":[147],"only":[148,230],"accomplished":[150],"by":[151,188],"medical-grade":[152],"devices":[153],"attach":[155],"electrodes":[156],"body.":[159],"Considering":[160],"these":[161],"challenges,":[163],"we":[164,197],"proposed":[165,227],"facial":[167,180],"expression-based":[168],"estimation":[170,210],"solution.":[171],"rationale":[173],"establish":[176],"link":[178],"between":[179],"expression":[181],"heartbeat":[183],"since":[184],"both":[185],"controlled":[187],"autonomic":[190],"nervous":[191],"system.":[192],"solve":[194],"this":[195],"problem,":[196],"developed":[198],"tree-based":[200],"probabilistic":[201],"fusion":[202],"neural":[203,218],"network":[204,219],"approach,":[205],"significantly":[207],"improved":[208],"compared":[212],"conventional":[214],"random":[215],"forest":[216],"methods":[220],"measurements":[223],"from":[224,257],"smartwatches.":[225],"solution":[228],"relies":[229],"commodity":[232],"camera":[233],"with":[234],"lightweighted":[236],"algorithm,":[237],"facilitating":[238],"its":[239],"ubiquitous":[240],"deployment":[241],"current":[243],"future":[245],"vehicles.":[246],"Our":[247],"experiments":[248],"3400":[252],"km":[253],"driving":[255],"data":[256],"nine":[258],"drivers":[259],"collected":[260],"naturalistic":[263],"field":[264],"study.":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
