{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3217748719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3130434","title":"Hierarchical Adversarial Attacks Against Graph-Neural-Network-Based IoT Network Intrusion Detection System","display_name":"Hierarchical Adversarial Attacks Against Graph-Neural-Network-Based IoT Network Intrusion Detection System","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3217748719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3130434","mag":"3217748719"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3130434","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3130434","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6488907/9789736/09626144.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6488907/9789736/09626144.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055675863","display_name":"Xiaokang Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3488-4679"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171494771","display_name":"Shiga University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vvhy971","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171494771"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126580","display_name":"RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project","ror":"https://ror.org/03ckxwf91","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110652","https://openalex.org/I4210126580"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaokang Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Data Science, Shiga University, Hikone, Japan","RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3488-4679","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Data Science, Shiga University, Hikone, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171494771"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073441538","display_name":"Wei Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0689-256X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I49934816","display_name":"Hunan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04j3vr751","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49934816"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Base of International Science and Technology Innovation and Cooperation on Big Data Technology and Management, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0689-256X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Base of International Science and Technology Innovation and Cooperation on Big Data Technology and Management, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49934816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100367608","display_name":"Weimin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9803-2745"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141962983","display_name":"Shanghai University of Engineering Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0557b9y08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141962983"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weimin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9803-2745","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141962983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101967242","display_name":"Ke Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5942-763X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of the Built Environment, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of the Built Environment, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077846534","display_name":"Shohei Shimizu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1931-0733"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171494771","display_name":"Shiga University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vvhy971","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171494771"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126580","display_name":"RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project","ror":"https://ror.org/03ckxwf91","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110652","https://openalex.org/I4210126580"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shohei Shimizu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Data Science, Shiga University, Hikone, Japan","RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1931-0733","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Data Science, Shiga University, Hikone, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171494771"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126580"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091532881","display_name":"Kevin I\u2010Kai Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8450-2558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin I-Kai Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer, Software Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8450-2558","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer, Software Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":29.3608,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":314,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99901329,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"12","first_page":"9310","last_page":"9319"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.839826226234436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.8270630836486816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.6098895072937012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4909079670906067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4160693883895874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.41052916646003723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4058074355125427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3360539674758911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.32496216893196106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.25671660900115967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.839826226234436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.8270630836486816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.6098895072937012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4909079670906067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4160693883895874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.41052916646003723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4058074355125427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3360539674758911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.32496216893196106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.25671660900115967}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3130434","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3130434","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6488907/9789736/09626144.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3130434","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3130434","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6488907/9789736/09626144.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1444927061","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFE0117500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2071613473","display_name":"\u591a\u57df\u5065\u5eb7\u5927\u6570\u636e\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u4f20\u67d3\u75c5\u75ab\u60c5\u65e9\u671f\u8bc6\u522b\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62072171","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2125267916","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017TP1026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5329412044","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFE0117500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6285256369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019YFE0190500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7711796597","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020SK2089","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335125","display_name":"RIKEN","ror":"https://ror.org/01sjwvz98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3217748719.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3217748719.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2461532701","https://openalex.org/W2590373591","https://openalex.org/W2798598284","https://openalex.org/W2800806089","https://openalex.org/W2803831897","https://openalex.org/W2804057010","https://openalex.org/W2884319684","https://openalex.org/W2907492528","https://openalex.org/W2918223775","https://openalex.org/W2930144424","https://openalex.org/W2962963847","https://openalex.org/W2964015378","https://openalex.org/W2972023276","https://openalex.org/W2977973695","https://openalex.org/W2981025625","https://openalex.org/W2982407593","https://openalex.org/W2983729222","https://openalex.org/W2996451395","https://openalex.org/W3001697626","https://openalex.org/W3004743841","https://openalex.org/W3007264885","https://openalex.org/W3007657110","https://openalex.org/W3007912973","https://openalex.org/W3012539654","https://openalex.org/W3015616869","https://openalex.org/W3016062530","https://openalex.org/W3035237749","https://openalex.org/W3035821888","https://openalex.org/W3036847733","https://openalex.org/W3081923590","https://openalex.org/W3090163455","https://openalex.org/W3098276446","https://openalex.org/W3104141960","https://openalex.org/W3105626348","https://openalex.org/W3106379731","https://openalex.org/W3111499798","https://openalex.org/W3111563271","https://openalex.org/W3115360974","https://openalex.org/W3120795858","https://openalex.org/W3126910707","https://openalex.org/W3133873791","https://openalex.org/W3159562992","https://openalex.org/W3164675724","https://openalex.org/W3177624059","https://openalex.org/W6726873649","https://openalex.org/W6752110883","https://openalex.org/W6780093097","https://openalex.org/W6784858877"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W2482350142","https://openalex.org/W4246396837","https://openalex.org/W3126451824","https://openalex.org/W1561927205","https://openalex.org/W3191453585","https://openalex.org/W4297672492","https://openalex.org/W4310988119","https://openalex.org/W4285226279","https://openalex.org/W4288019534"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,212],"advancement":[1],"of":[2,4,16,31,38,68,82,191],"Internet":[3],"Things":[5],"(IoT)":[6],"technologies":[7],"leads":[8],"to":[9,57,65,117,157,187],"a":[10,107,137,142,151,189],"wide":[11],"penetration":[12],"and":[13,41,84,164,203,250],"large-scale":[14],"deployment":[15],"IoT":[17,27,44,69,134,210,256],"systems":[18,28,45,135],"across":[19,71],"an":[20,146],"entire":[21],"city":[22],"or":[23],"even":[24],"country.":[25],"While":[26],"are":[29],"capable":[30],"providing":[32],"intelligent":[33,59,147],"services,":[34],"the":[35,80,90,95,119,126,166,208,220,236,244],"large":[36],"amount":[37],"data":[39,70,87,222],"collected":[40],"processed":[42],"in":[43,133,234,243,255],"also":[46],"raises":[47],"serious":[48],"security":[49],"concerns.":[50],"Many":[51],"research":[52],"efforts":[53],"have":[54],"been":[55],"devoted":[56],"design":[58],"network":[60,129],"intrusion":[61,131],"detection":[62,91,132],"system":[63,96],"(NIDS)":[64],"prevent":[66],"misuse":[67],"smart":[72],"applications.":[73],"However,":[74],"existing":[75],"approaches":[76],"may":[77],"suffer":[78],"from":[79],"issue":[81],"limited":[83,138],"imbalanced":[85],"attack":[86,111,123,197],"when":[88],"training":[89],"model,":[92,145],"which":[93],"make":[94],"vulnerable":[97,193],"especially":[98],"for":[99,253],"those":[100],"unknown":[101],"type":[102],"attacks.":[103],"In":[104],"this":[105],"study,":[106],"novel":[108],"hierarchical":[109,174],"adversarial":[110,122,159],"(HAA)":[112],"generation":[113,215],"method":[114,216],"is":[115,155,185,217],"introduced":[116],"realize":[118],"level-aware":[120],"black-box":[121],"strategy,":[124],"targeting":[125],"graph":[127],"neural":[128],"(GNN)-based":[130],"with":[136,170,182,195,225],"budget.":[139],"By":[140],"constructing":[141],"shadow":[143],"GNN":[144,247],"mechanism":[148],"based":[149,178],"on":[150,179],"saliency":[152],"map":[153],"technique":[154],"designed":[156],"generate":[158],"examples":[160],"by":[161,239],"effectively":[162],"identifying":[163],"modifying":[165],"critical":[167],"feature":[168],"elements":[169],"minimal":[171],"perturbations.":[172],"A":[173],"node":[175],"selection":[176],"algorithm":[177],"random":[180],"walk":[181],"restart":[183],"(RWR)":[184],"developed":[186],"select":[188],"set":[190,223],"more":[192,240],"nodes":[194],"high":[196],"priority,":[198],"considering":[199],"their":[200],"structural":[201],"features,":[202],"overall":[204],"loss":[205],"changes":[206],"within":[207],"targeted":[209],"network.":[211],"proposed":[213],"HAA":[214],"evaluated":[218],"using":[219],"open-source":[221],"UNSW-SOSR2019":[224],"three":[226],"baseline":[227],"methods.":[228],"Comparison":[229],"results":[230],"demonstrate":[231],"its":[232],"ability":[233],"degrading":[235],"classification":[237],"precision":[238],"than":[241],"30%":[242],"two":[245],"state-of-the-art":[246],"models,":[248],"GCN":[249],"JK-Net,":[251],"respectively,":[252],"NIDS":[254],"environments.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":65},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":60},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":98},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":67},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T09:21:30.201066","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}