{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3214893631","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3130054","title":"Autonomous Driving Security: State of the Art and Challenges","display_name":"Autonomous Driving Security: State of the Art and Challenges","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3214893631","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3130054","mag":"3214893631"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3130054","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3130054","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100653319","display_name":"Cong Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9829-8025"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136859","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04jn0td46","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cong Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100379827","display_name":"Geng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5074-2817"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136859","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04jn0td46","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100651611","display_name":"Weisong Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5864-4675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185443292","display_name":"Wayne State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01070mq45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weisong Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100751426","display_name":"Zhongmin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3731-4049"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136859","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04jn0td46","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongmin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Network Data Analysis and Intelligent Processing, Xi&#x2019;an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Network Data Analysis and Intelligent Processing, Xi&#x2019;an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100419639","display_name":"Yanping Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7812-4199"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136859","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04jn0td46","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanping Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Network Data Analysis and Intelligent Processing, Xi&#x2019;an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Network Data Analysis and Intelligent Processing, Xi&#x2019;an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100653319"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.1428,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":150,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98598171,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"10","first_page":"7572","last_page":"7595"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9617999792098999,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7608028650283813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7443045377731323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4926033616065979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidentiality","display_name":"Confidentiality","score":0.4827103614807129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.4790871739387512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.46068599820137024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4573286771774292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-analysis","display_name":"Security analysis","score":0.4472457468509674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attack-surface","display_name":"Attack surface","score":0.43260428309440613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.13537698984146118}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7608028650283813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7443045377731323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4926033616065979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.4827103614807129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.4790871739387512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.46068599820137024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4573286771774292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.4472457468509674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776576444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q303569","display_name":"Attack surface","level":2,"score":0.43260428309440613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.13537698984146118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3130054","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3130054","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5315319869","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019ZDLGY07-08","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327224","funder_display_name":"Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Department"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327224","display_name":"Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Department","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":229,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W106922399","https://openalex.org/W233279079","https://openalex.org/W299675352","https://openalex.org/W607202855","https://openalex.org/W1217034487","https://openalex.org/W1495117954","https://openalex.org/W1510811198","https://openalex.org/W1667889362","https://openalex.org/W1933607324","https://openalex.org/W1967900507","https://openalex.org/W1971052871","https://openalex.org/W1988976514","https://openalex.org/W1989065208","https://openalex.org/W1990798399","https://openalex.org/W1993180463","https://openalex.org/W2004939458","https://openalex.org/W2006528490","https://openalex.org/W2006757318","https://openalex.org/W2007742508","https://openalex.org/W2021149283","https://openalex.org/W2025597749","https://openalex.org/W2025663209","https://openalex.org/W2033342263","https://openalex.org/W2034329307","https://openalex.org/W2036021531","https://openalex.org/W2039043123","https://openalex.org/W2040340473","https://openalex.org/W2048882932","https://openalex.org/W2050254124","https://openalex.org/W2062805799","https://openalex.org/W2064164188","https://openalex.org/W2072724180","https://openalex.org/W2073097601","https://openalex.org/W2074074366","https://openalex.org/W2079576728","https://openalex.org/W2080723908","https://openalex.org/W2081560760","https://openalex.org/W2090321073","https://openalex.org/W2097275045","https://openalex.org/W2099005886","https://openalex.org/W2099474094","https://openalex.org/W2102104695","https://openalex.org/W2110081058","https://openalex.org/W2114168752","https://openalex.org/W2116520617","https://openalex.org/W2116755374","https://openalex.org/W2122131846","https://openalex.org/W2123901245","https://openalex.org/W2124347077","https://openalex.org/W2129586531","https://openalex.org/W2134900464","https://openalex.org/W2136849599","https://openalex.org/W2142294821","https://openalex.org/W2147447260","https://openalex.org/W2148400130","https://openalex.org/W2150066425","https://openalex.org/W2155903900","https://openalex.org/W2169941120","https://openalex.org/W2183656025","https://openalex.org/W2187939859","https://openalex.org/W2187981872","https://openalex.org/W2192586580","https://openalex.org/W2198334007","https://openalex.org/W2259641022","https://openalex.org/W2278120327","https://openalex.org/W2294130903","https://openalex.org/W2296701710","https://openalex.org/W2305409997","https://openalex.org/W2324189287","https://openalex.org/W2325060691","https://openalex.org/W2327737748","https://openalex.org/W2333508014","https://openalex.org/W2402799701","https://openalex.org/W2414564754","https://openalex.org/W2481312041","https://openalex.org/W2484134798","https://openalex.org/W2492758985","https://openalex.org/W2510641758","https://openalex.org/W2513292652","https://openalex.org/W2518963025","https://openalex.org/W2528652509","https://openalex.org/W2530771494","https://openalex.org/W2538350143","https://openalex.org/W2538768042","https://openalex.org/W2543248853","https://openalex.org/W2545134337","https://openalex.org/W2545810962","https://openalex.org/W2550005282","https://openalex.org/W2561208905","https://openalex.org/W2565764386","https://openalex.org/W2571709338","https://openalex.org/W2574173583","https://openalex.org/W2576845151","https://openalex.org/W2578404781","https://openalex.org/W2581560412","https://openalex.org/W2586333888","https://openalex.org/W2586847113","https://openalex.org/W2592742990","https://openalex.org/W2593581701","https://openalex.org/W2595545394","https://openalex.org/W2595933642","https://openalex.org/W2598130365","https://openalex.org/W2611814963","https://openalex.org/W2714550548","https://openalex.org/W2725499676","https://openalex.org/W2739928414","https://openalex.org/W2740323046","https://openalex.org/W2750632489","https://openalex.org/W2754045061","https://openalex.org/W2756684097","https://openalex.org/W2764216487","https://openalex.org/W2767028498","https://openalex.org/W2769471004","https://openalex.org/W2779086204","https://openalex.org/W2783517899","https://openalex.org/W2786080675","https://openalex.org/W2790185474","https://openalex.org/W2800112063","https://openalex.org/W2800815122","https://openalex.org/W2801327258","https://openalex.org/W2802709486","https://openalex.org/W2803109435","https://openalex.org/W2803807991","https://openalex.org/W2808626989","https://openalex.org/W2811015060","https://openalex.org/W2811190030","https://openalex.org/W2883434603","https://openalex.org/W2889144763","https://openalex.org/W2890555402","https://openalex.org/W2892548753","https://openalex.org/W2899357131","https://openalex.org/W2904393593","https://openalex.org/W2904485400","https://openalex.org/W2909274029","https://openalex.org/W2909424862","https://openalex.org/W2913264686","https://openalex.org/W2913402274","https://openalex.org/W2913446793","https://openalex.org/W2914527150","https://openalex.org/W2918461235","https://openalex.org/W2924473624","https://openalex.org/W2927636958","https://openalex.org/W2936578932","https://openalex.org/W2937510008","https://openalex.org/W2947066641","https://openalex.org/W2947869912","https://openalex.org/W2953901595","https://openalex.org/W2953938867","https://openalex.org/W2959364614","https://openalex.org/W2960895847","https://openalex.org/W2962998973","https://openalex.org/W2963195425","https://openalex.org/W2966721669","https://openalex.org/W2969555571","https://openalex.org/W2969696881","https://openalex.org/W2969820022","https://openalex.org/W2972982523","https://openalex.org/W2972990332","https://openalex.org/W2977779973","https://openalex.org/W2980932806","https://openalex.org/W2984932593","https://openalex.org/W2986305485","https://openalex.org/W2990247619","https://openalex.org/W2996399186","https://openalex.org/W2998724808","https://openalex.org/W2998983696","https://openalex.org/W3005378045","https://openalex.org/W3006753053","https://openalex.org/W3011613664","https://openalex.org/W3012082021","https://openalex.org/W3015135499","https://openalex.org/W3015834007","https://openalex.org/W3036440211","https://openalex.org/W3036612116","https://openalex.org/W3037019494","https://openalex.org/W3038819935","https://openalex.org/W3039795419","https://openalex.org/W3041497362","https://openalex.org/W3045476482","https://openalex.org/W3045867564","https://openalex.org/W3047114014","https://openalex.org/W3047685524","https://openalex.org/W3065845581","https://openalex.org/W3072947768","https://openalex.org/W3084502969","https://openalex.org/W3087955774","https://openalex.org/W3095093410","https://openalex.org/W3098881644","https://openalex.org/W3100491179","https://openalex.org/W3101405547","https://openalex.org/W3109227260","https://openalex.org/W3110923198","https://openalex.org/W3111603885","https://openalex.org/W3112825668","https://openalex.org/W3117590843","https://openalex.org/W3119844609","https://openalex.org/W3133742803","https://openalex.org/W3156877806","https://openalex.org/W3158530087","https://openalex.org/W3171180670","https://openalex.org/W3172343269","https://openalex.org/W3179649309","https://openalex.org/W3181950955","https://openalex.org/W3186382451","https://openalex.org/W3193685278","https://openalex.org/W3198051278","https://openalex.org/W4229749093","https://openalex.org/W4287639244","https://openalex.org/W6603557143","https://openalex.org/W6618602529","https://openalex.org/W6676669492","https://openalex.org/W6682038704","https://openalex.org/W6687452994","https://openalex.org/W6712778886","https://openalex.org/W6719536112","https://openalex.org/W6729614126","https://openalex.org/W6745041639","https://openalex.org/W6745935785","https://openalex.org/W6754664525","https://openalex.org/W6756381484","https://openalex.org/W6756486208","https://openalex.org/W6766837805","https://openalex.org/W6767451182","https://openalex.org/W6767461503","https://openalex.org/W6772697045","https://openalex.org/W6780439892","https://openalex.org/W6781583929","https://openalex.org/W6784781240","https://openalex.org/W6800558263"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387497383","https://openalex.org/W3183948672","https://openalex.org/W3173606202","https://openalex.org/W3110381201","https://openalex.org/W2948807893","https://openalex.org/W2935909890","https://openalex.org/W2778153218","https://openalex.org/W2758277628","https://openalex.org/W1531601525","https://openalex.org/W2069098678"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,113,146],"autonomous":[1,11,46,54,65,77,205],"driving":[2,12,47,55,66,78],"industry":[3],"has":[4,13],"mushroomed":[5],"over":[6],"the":[7,18,34,50,62,74,119,125,130,134,173,180,196,203],"past":[8],"decade.":[9],"Although":[10],"undoubtedly":[14],"become":[15],"one":[16],"of":[17,22,30,45,53,61,64,69,76,115,157,175],"most":[19],"promising":[20],"technologies":[21],"this":[23,38],"century,":[24],"its":[25],"development":[26],"faces":[27],"multiple":[28],"challenges,":[29],"which":[31,104],"security":[32,75,98],"is":[33,56,79,99,122,138,152,192],"major":[35],"concern.":[36],"In":[37],"article,":[39],"we":[40],"present":[41],"a":[42,187],"thorough":[43],"analysis":[44,60,114],"security.":[48],"First,":[49],"attack":[51],"surface":[52],"presented.":[57],"After":[58],"an":[59],"operation":[63],"in":[67,81,179],"terms":[68],"key":[70],"components":[71],"and":[72,92,110,143,166],"technologies,":[73],"elaborated":[80],"four":[82,155,181],"dimensions:":[83],"1)":[84,159],"sensors;":[85],"2)":[86,161],"operating":[87,116,127],"system;":[88,91],"3)":[89,163],"control":[90,131],"4)":[93,167],"vehicle-to-everything":[94],"(V2X)":[95],"communication.":[96],"Sensor":[97],"examined":[100],"from":[101,141,154,199],"five":[102],"components,":[103],"are":[105,183],"mainly":[106,140],"responsible":[107],"for":[108],"self-positioning":[109],"environmental":[111],"perception.":[112],"system":[117,132],"security,":[118,133,151],"second":[120],"dimension,":[121,148],"concentrated":[123],"on":[124],"robot":[126],"system.":[128],"Concerning":[129],"controller":[135],"area":[136],"network":[137],"approached":[139],"vulnerabilities":[142],"protection":[144],"measures.":[145],"fourth":[147],"V2X":[149],"communication":[150,201],"probed":[153],"categories":[156],"attacks:":[158],"authenticity/identification;":[160],"availability;":[162],"data":[164],"integrity;":[165],"confidentiality":[168],"with":[169],"corresponding":[170],"solutions.":[171],"Moreover,":[172],"drawbacks":[174],"existing":[176],"methods":[177],"adopted":[178],"dimensions":[182],"also":[184],"provided.":[185],"Finally,":[186],"conceptual":[188],"multilayer":[189],"defense":[190],"framework":[191],"proposed":[193],"to":[194,202],"secure":[195],"information":[197],"flow":[198],"external":[200],"physical":[204],"vehicle.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
