{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3212093023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3126471","title":"COVIDNet: An Automatic Architecture for COVID-19 Detection With Deep Learning From Chest X-Ray Images","display_name":"COVIDNet: An Automatic Architecture for COVID-19 Detection With Deep Learning From Chest X-Ray Images","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3212093023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3126471","mag":"3212093023"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3126471","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3126471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/b32854b4-fe7f-4da9-ae47-14cc3870dc88","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054625077","display_name":"Lang He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2515-8579"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136859","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04jn0td46","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lang He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Network Data Analysis Intelligent Processing","Xi'an Key Laboratory of Big Data and Intelligent Computing, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an, China","Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Network Data Analysis Intelligent Processing, School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Network Data Analysis Intelligent Processing","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Key Laboratory of Big Data and Intelligent Computing, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Network Data Analysis Intelligent Processing, School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082046789","display_name":"Prayag Tiwari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2851-4260"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prayag Tiwari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101753390","display_name":"Rui Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-8215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37802460","display_name":"Northwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/00z3td547","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Foreign Languages, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710127, Shaanxi, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Foreign Languages, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710127, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102594320","display_name":"Xiuying Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4825-6684"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiuying Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Affiliated Hospital of Yan’an University, Yan’an, 716000, Shaanxi, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Affiliated Hospital of Yan’an University, Yan’an, 716000, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089920272","display_name":"Pekka Marttinen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7078-7927"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pekka Marttinen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100409306","display_name":"Neeraj Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-3947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143578492","display_name":"Asia University","ror":"https://ror.org/038a1tp19","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143578492"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162030827","display_name":"Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00wdq3744","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111472","display_name":"King Abdul Aziz University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01vv03303","country_code":"SA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111472"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5847235","display_name":"University of Petroleum and Energy Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/04q2jes40","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5847235"]}],"countries":["IN","SA","TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neeraj Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology (Deemed University), Patiala, India","King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","School of Computer Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India","Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung City, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology (Deemed University), Patiala, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5847235"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143578492"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054625077"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6965,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70882049,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"13","first_page":"11376","last_page":"11384"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual-neural-network","display_name":"Residual neural network","score":0.7292490601539612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.7267168164253235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7189809083938599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.7060657739639282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6339592933654785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6008870601654053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.5908253192901611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyramid","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","score":0.5647647976875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.49152955412864685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4256623685359955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1993536651134491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.12134945392608643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10723701119422913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10192841291427612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infectious-disease","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","score":0.07514399290084839}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2944601119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43744058","display_name":"Residual neural network","level":3,"score":0.7292490601539612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.7267168164253235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7189809083938599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.7060657739639282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6339592933654785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6008870601654053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.5908253192901611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142575187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358290","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5647647976875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.49152955412864685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4256623685359955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1993536651134491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.12134945392608643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10723701119422913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10192841291427612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.07514399290084839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3126471","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3126471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/111628","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/b32854b4-fe7f-4da9-ae47-14cc3870dc88","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401662","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"acceptedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/111628","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/b32854b4-fe7f-4da9-ae47-14cc3870dc88","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401662","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"acceptedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G132223108","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"884/31/2018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328501","funder_display_name":"Business Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1628462973","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021JQ-824","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324173","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1728627097","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"336033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2800482734","display_name":"Data Literacy for Responsible Decision-Making","funder_award_id":"336033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5527349350","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"315896","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8911077230","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021K015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329794","funder_display_name":"Social Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324173","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328501","display_name":"Business Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05bgf9v38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329794","display_name":"Social Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2102634410","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2162915993","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2620629206","https://openalex.org/W2884436604","https://openalex.org/W2901954625","https://openalex.org/W2951019013","https://openalex.org/W2963466845","https://openalex.org/W2998792609","https://openalex.org/W3004906315","https://openalex.org/W3005879071","https://openalex.org/W3007764760","https://openalex.org/W3012843799","https://openalex.org/W3013507463","https://openalex.org/W3013601031","https://openalex.org/W3017243633","https://openalex.org/W3017855299","https://openalex.org/W3025948831","https://openalex.org/W3033616466","https://openalex.org/W3037914312","https://openalex.org/W3041006163","https://openalex.org/W3045460727","https://openalex.org/W3080237299","https://openalex.org/W3096956107","https://openalex.org/W3105081694","https://openalex.org/W3106027361","https://openalex.org/W3107529852","https://openalex.org/W3118694803","https://openalex.org/W3124604242","https://openalex.org/W3125736290","https://openalex.org/W3127751679","https://openalex.org/W3133191822","https://openalex.org/W3138591656","https://openalex.org/W4246193833","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6790275670"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2022849497","https://openalex.org/W2407190427","https://openalex.org/W3081299480","https://openalex.org/W2919210741","https://openalex.org/W2907584218","https://openalex.org/W3002446410","https://openalex.org/W4390224712","https://openalex.org/W2797752778","https://openalex.org/W4322096758","https://openalex.org/W2896102333"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Up":[0],"to":[1,68,83,103,118,153,167],"now,":[2],"the":[3,14,29,70,75,85,89,95,98,105,121,126,137,141,145,150,160,164,174],"coronavirus":[4],"disease":[5],"2019":[6],"(COVID-19)":[7],"has":[8,17],"been":[9],"sweeping":[10],"across":[11],"all":[12],"over":[13],"world,":[15],"which":[16],"affected":[18],"individual\u2019s":[19],"lives":[20],"in":[21,39],"an":[22,44],"overwhelming":[23],"way.":[24],"To":[25,93],"fight":[26],"efficiently":[27],"against":[28],"COVID-19,":[30],"radiography":[31],"and":[32,53,60,155,162,169],"radiology":[33],"images":[34],"are":[35,134],"used":[36,102],"by":[37],"clinicians":[38],"hospitals.":[40],"This":[41],"article":[42],"presents":[43],"integrated":[45,147],"framework,":[46],"named":[47],"COVIDNet,":[48],"for":[49,124],"classifying":[50],"COVID-19":[51,127],"patients":[52,128],"healthy":[54],"controls.":[55],"Specifically,":[56],"ResNet":[57],"(i.e.,":[58],"ResNet-18":[59],"ResNet-50)":[61],"is":[62,81,101,116],"adopted":[63,82,117],"as":[64],"a":[65],"backbone":[66],"network":[67],"extract":[69],"discriminative":[71],"features":[72,87,90,106,123],"first.":[73],"Second,":[74],"spatial":[76],"pyramid":[77],"pooling":[78],"(SPP)":[79],"layer":[80,100],"capture":[84],"middle-level":[86,109],"from":[88,108],"of":[91,144,157,159,171,173],"ResNet.":[92],"learn":[94,120],"high-level":[96,122],"features,":[97],"NetVLAD":[99],"aggregate":[104],"representation":[107],"features.":[110],"The":[111],"context":[112],"gating":[113],"(CG)":[114],"mechanism":[115],"further":[119],"predicting":[125],"or":[129],"not.":[130],"Finally,":[131],"extensive":[132],"experiments":[133],"conducted":[135],"on":[136],"collected":[138],"database,":[139],"showing":[140],"excellent":[142],"performance":[143],"proposed":[146],"architecture,":[148],"with":[149,163],"sensitivity":[151,165],"up":[152,166],"97%":[154],"specificity":[156,170],"99.5%":[158],"ResNet-18,":[161],"99%":[168],"99.4%":[172],"ResNet-50.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-01T17:29:45.350535","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}