{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3204645750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3117039","title":"LoRa Signal Synchronization and Detection at Extremely Low Signal-to-Noise Ratios","display_name":"LoRa Signal Synchronization and Detection at Extremely Low Signal-to-Noise Ratios","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3204645750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3117039","mag":"3204645750"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3117039","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3117039","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005606855","display_name":"Thomas Ameloot","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8992-3781"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Ameloot","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University—imec, Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8992-3781","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University—imec, Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036707280","display_name":"Hendrik Rogier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8139-2736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hendrik Rogier","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University—imec, Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8139-2736","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University—imec, Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025215036","display_name":"Marc Moeneclaey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0759-7140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marc Moeneclaey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunications and Information Processing, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0759-7140","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunications and Information Processing, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041229752","display_name":"Patrick Van Torre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0633-0815"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Van Torre","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University—imec, Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0633-0815","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University—imec, Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.017,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76170791,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"11","first_page":"8869","last_page":"8882"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.803402841091156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.7436367869377136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.5888127088546753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-defined-radio","display_name":"Software-defined radio","score":0.5481326580047607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.5105468034744263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.5093420743942261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.49768927693367004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.43506503105163574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.43185678124427795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.42765697836875916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.36643630266189575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.36615514755249023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2718774676322937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2643080949783325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09074065089225769}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.803402841091156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.7436367869377136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.5888127088546753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171115542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331892","display_name":"Software-defined radio","level":2,"score":0.5481326580047607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.5105468034744263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.5093420743942261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.49768927693367004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.43506503105163574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.43185678124427795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.42765697836875916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.36643630266189575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.36615514755249023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2718774676322937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2643080949783325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09074065089225769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3117039","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3117039","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:8756496","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-8756496","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 2327-4662","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/03qtxy027"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327336","display_name":"Vlaamse regering","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2238723005","https://openalex.org/W2243299349","https://openalex.org/W2464793129","https://openalex.org/W2520480241","https://openalex.org/W2523246573","https://openalex.org/W2525332113","https://openalex.org/W2537187694","https://openalex.org/W2560463884","https://openalex.org/W2595511394","https://openalex.org/W2611640645","https://openalex.org/W2624810752","https://openalex.org/W2746622790","https://openalex.org/W2759236844","https://openalex.org/W2766513146","https://openalex.org/W2786174493","https://openalex.org/W2794682992","https://openalex.org/W2809209059","https://openalex.org/W2811416127","https://openalex.org/W2886607494","https://openalex.org/W2896332706","https://openalex.org/W2900142556","https://openalex.org/W2901906070","https://openalex.org/W2947827092","https://openalex.org/W2951615004","https://openalex.org/W2980621481","https://openalex.org/W3006550663","https://openalex.org/W3011388033","https://openalex.org/W3013283745","https://openalex.org/W3020601391","https://openalex.org/W3036024734","https://openalex.org/W3036901502","https://openalex.org/W3042724940","https://openalex.org/W3045400978","https://openalex.org/W3047258710","https://openalex.org/W3084193483","https://openalex.org/W3089949280","https://openalex.org/W3130518542","https://openalex.org/W6729059106","https://openalex.org/W6732860198","https://openalex.org/W6740014954","https://openalex.org/W6765309427","https://openalex.org/W6785786939"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1594893153","https://openalex.org/W2886621694","https://openalex.org/W2805894317","https://openalex.org/W286582448","https://openalex.org/W3014765013","https://openalex.org/W4251089492","https://openalex.org/W2132453830","https://openalex.org/W2059919254","https://openalex.org/W3115615240","https://openalex.org/W1945722682"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,123],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"LoRa":[3,19,33,48,61,79],"has":[4,29],"been":[5,30],"deployed":[6],"in":[7,56,100,112,150],"countless":[8],"Internet":[9],"of":[10,46,78,114,138,147,162],"Things":[11],"(IoT)":[12],"applications":[13],"across":[14],"the":[15,43,47,52,75,134,139,156,163],"globe.":[16],"However,":[17],"as":[18],"is":[20],"a":[21,126],"proprietary":[22],"technology,":[23],"research":[24],"into":[25,42],"its":[26],"physical-layer":[27],"performance":[28,77,119,137,168],"challenging.":[31],"Implementing":[32],"on":[34],"software-defined":[35],"radio":[36],"(SDR)":[37],"platforms":[38],"yields":[39],"valuable":[40],"insight":[41],"physical":[44,76],"layer":[45],"standard":[49],"and":[50,88,110,120],"paves":[51],"way":[53],"for":[54,60],"improvements":[55],"packet":[57,69,97],"reception":[58,70,98],"capabilities":[59],"receivers.":[62],"This":[63],"article":[64],"presents":[65],"an":[66,145],"independently":[67],"developed":[68],"algorithm,":[71],"which":[72],"drastically":[73],"improves":[74],"communication":[80],"links.":[81],"The":[82],"advanced":[83],"signal":[84],"presence":[85],"detection,":[86],"synchronization,":[87],"symbol":[89],"detection":[90],"strategies":[91],"are":[92,108],"shown":[93],"to":[94,125,154,171,176],"significantly":[95],"increase":[96,146],"ratios":[99],"extremely":[101],"adverse":[102],"noise":[103],"conditions.":[104],"Multiple":[105],"algorithm":[106,142],"variations":[107],"presented":[109],"compared":[111,175],"terms":[113],"bit":[115],"error":[116],"rate":[117],"(BER)":[118],"computational":[121],"cost.":[122],"comparison":[124],"theoretical":[127],"system":[128],"with":[129],"perfect":[130],"channel":[131],"state":[132],"information,":[133],"simulated":[135],"BER":[136],"best":[140],"performing":[141],"only":[143],"requires":[144],"1.6":[148],"dB":[149,173],"signal-to-noise":[151],"ratio":[152],"(SNR)":[153],"exhibit":[155,165],"same":[157],"performance.":[158],"Finally,":[159],"SDR":[160],"implementations":[161],"algorithms":[164],"average":[166],"SNR":[167],"gains":[169],"up":[170],"4.7":[172],"when":[174],"commercially":[177],"available":[178],"hardware.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}