{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3199819798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3114224","title":"DynaKey: Dynamic Keystroke Tracking Using a Head-Mounted Camera Device","display_name":"DynaKey: Dynamic Keystroke Tracking Using a Head-Mounted Camera Device","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3199819798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3114224","mag":"3199819798"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3114224","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3114224","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100397043","display_name":"Hao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3175-4908"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087888694","display_name":"Yafeng Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9497-6244"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yafeng Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100365442","display_name":"Lei Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2994-6743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054698524","display_name":"Tao Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1350-6639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039729139","display_name":"Minghui You","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3493-1121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minghui You","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043533769","display_name":"Sanglu Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1467-4519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanglu Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100397043"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1305,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.45643705,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"9","first_page":"6563","last_page":"6577"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8406025171279907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keystroke-logging","display_name":"Keystroke logging","score":0.6950080394744873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5899930000305176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keystroke-dynamics","display_name":"Keystroke dynamics","score":0.5774809122085571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/head","display_name":"Head (geology)","score":0.5269742012023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.5205619931221008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5062481760978699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.37401312589645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.20396631956100464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.1613977551460266}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8406025171279907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161615301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309396","display_name":"Keystroke logging","level":2,"score":0.6950080394744873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5899930000305176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79540074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269465","display_name":"Keystroke dynamics","level":4,"score":0.5774809122085571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780312720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5689100","display_name":"Head (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5269742012023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5205619931221008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5062481760978699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.37401312589645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.20396631956100464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.1613977551460266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4957475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242186","display_name":"S/KEY","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3114224","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3114224","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1880127212","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018AAA0102302","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2869047867","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61872174","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3267722479","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61832008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6652830868","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61906085","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7178818889","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61802169","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7639034176","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20180325","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995376165","https://openalex.org/W2010882865","https://openalex.org/W2013001796","https://openalex.org/W2055344768","https://openalex.org/W2056710597","https://openalex.org/W2091505227","https://openalex.org/W2141170819","https://openalex.org/W2171706706","https://openalex.org/W2345396517","https://openalex.org/W2508522990","https://openalex.org/W2532372538","https://openalex.org/W2543473292","https://openalex.org/W2576068023","https://openalex.org/W2754253996","https://openalex.org/W2756125637","https://openalex.org/W2792005484","https://openalex.org/W2792558628","https://openalex.org/W2793527415","https://openalex.org/W2820122854","https://openalex.org/W2895409865","https://openalex.org/W2919610866","https://openalex.org/W2971709053","https://openalex.org/W3084872497","https://openalex.org/W3211850732","https://openalex.org/W3215819686","https://openalex.org/W4238999211","https://openalex.org/W4255911422"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2155670618","https://openalex.org/W2052279280","https://openalex.org/W2159333170","https://openalex.org/W2031617473","https://openalex.org/W4244802227","https://openalex.org/W1573560902","https://openalex.org/W4224061638","https://openalex.org/W2906096565","https://openalex.org/W2888741745","https://openalex.org/W3169822312"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mobile":[0],"and":[1,7,71,79,89,121,148,155,188,209],"wearable":[2],"devices":[3],"have":[4],"become":[5],"more":[6,8],"popular.":[9],"However,":[10],"the":[11,68,94,126,142,153,190,196,201,210],"tiny":[12],"touch":[13],"screen":[14],"leads":[15],"to":[16,38,112,134,150],"inefficient":[17],"interaction":[18],"with":[19],"these":[20],"devices,":[21],"especially":[22],"for":[23,55,138],"text":[24,57],"input.":[25],"In":[26],"this":[27],"article,":[28],"we":[29,73,108,124,145,171],"propose":[30],"<italic":[31],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[32],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">DynaKey</i>":[33],",":[34],"which":[35],"allows":[36],"people":[37],"type":[39],"on":[40,45,52,174],"a":[41,46,53,59,157,216],"virtual":[42],"keyboard":[43,202],"printed":[44],"piece":[47],"of":[48,96,128,159,200,215],"article":[49],"or":[50],"drawn":[51],"desk,":[54],"inputting":[56],"into":[58],"head-mounted":[60],"camera":[61,70,149],"device":[62],"(e.g.,":[63],"smart":[64],"glasses).":[65],"By":[66],"using":[67],"built-in":[69],"gyroscope,":[72],"capture":[74],"image":[75],"frames":[76,133],"during":[77],"typing":[78],"detect":[80,87,120,135],"possible":[81,136],"head":[82,104],"movements,":[83,107],"then":[84],"track":[85,93,152,187],"keys,":[86,154],"fingertips,":[88],"locate":[90,122,189],"keystrokes.":[91],"To":[92,119,140],"changes":[95],"keys\u2019":[97,114],"coordinates":[98,115,130],"in":[99,192,218],"images":[100,221],"caused":[101],"by":[102],"natural":[103],"(i.e.,":[105],"camera)":[106],"introduce":[109,156],"perspective":[110],"transformation":[111],"transform":[113],"among":[116],"different":[117],"frames.":[118],"keystrokes,":[123],"utilize":[125],"variation":[127],"fingertip\u2019s":[129],"across":[131],"multiple":[132],"keystrokes":[137,191],"localization.":[139],"reduce":[141],"time":[143],"cost,":[144],"combine":[146],"gyroscope":[147],"adaptively":[151],"series":[158],"optimizations,":[160],"such":[161],"as":[162],"keypoint":[163],"detection,":[164],"frame":[165],"skipping,":[166],"multithread":[167],"processing,":[168],"etc.":[169],"Finally,":[170],"implement":[172],"DynaKey":[173],"Android-powered":[175],"devices.":[176],"The":[177,225],"extensive":[178],"experimental":[179],"results":[180],"show":[181],"that":[182],"our":[183],"system":[184],"can":[185],"efficiently":[186],"real":[193],"time.":[194],"Specifically,":[195],"average":[197,226],"tracking":[198],"deviation":[199],"layout":[203],"is":[204,222],"less":[205],"than":[206],"3":[207],"pixels":[208],"Intersection":[211],"over":[212],"Union":[213],"(IoU)":[214],"key":[217],"two":[219],"consecutive":[220],"above":[223],"93%.":[224],"keystroke":[227],"localization":[228],"accuracy":[229],"reaches":[230],"95.5%.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}