{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3106902061","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3111454","title":"MILP-Based Imitation Learning for HVAC Control","display_name":"MILP-Based Imitation Learning for HVAC Control","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3106902061","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3111454","mag":"3106902061"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3111454","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3111454","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.00286","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004122169","display_name":"Huy Truong Dinh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1338-187X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24541011","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huy Truong Dinh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Future Convergence Technology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea","SoonChunHyang University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0290-6685","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Future Convergence Technology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SoonChunHyang University","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100383808","display_name":"Daehee Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0816-8137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24541011","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daehee Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internet of Things, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea","SoonChunHyang University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0816-8137","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internet of Things, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SoonChunHyang University","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004122169"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00559664,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"8","first_page":"6107","last_page":"6120"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9695000052452087,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hvac","display_name":"HVAC","score":0.884108304977417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7221859693527222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solver","display_name":"Solver","score":0.6548311114311218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.5794768333435059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5724366307258606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imitation","display_name":"Imitation","score":0.48975038528442383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.4462750554084778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimal-control","display_name":"Optimal control","score":0.4451066851615906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3657833933830261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3401312828063965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.32608532905578613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3026597499847412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-conditioning","display_name":"Air conditioning","score":0.21260923147201538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1713285744190216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08003062009811401}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122346748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1798773","display_name":"HVAC","level":3,"score":0.884108304977417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7221859693527222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778770139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1966904","display_name":"Solver","level":2,"score":0.6548311114311218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.5794768333435059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5724366307258606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126388530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131737","display_name":"Imitation","level":2,"score":0.48975038528442383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.4462750554084778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91575142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971426","display_name":"Optimal control","level":2,"score":0.4451066851615906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3657833933830261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3401312828063965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.32608532905578613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3026597499847412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103742991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173725","display_name":"Air conditioning","level":2,"score":0.21260923147201538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1713285744190216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08003062009811401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3111454","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3111454","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2012.00286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2012.00286","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.00286","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3106902061","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.00286.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2012.00286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2012.00286","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2012.00286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2012.00286","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.00286","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2172327291","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2020R1F1A1048664","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5358222818","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20184030202130","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335199","funder_display_name":"Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/032e49973"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335199","display_name":"Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/02zq38y32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W77210799","https://openalex.org/W1256768293","https://openalex.org/W1511887321","https://openalex.org/W1691456054","https://openalex.org/W1969853910","https://openalex.org/W1973944436","https://openalex.org/W1988115241","https://openalex.org/W1991646760","https://openalex.org/W2001960389","https://openalex.org/W2018614621","https://openalex.org/W2032632859","https://openalex.org/W2032717142","https://openalex.org/W2033406830","https://openalex.org/W2033546134","https://openalex.org/W2038987797","https://openalex.org/W2051754981","https://openalex.org/W2064200827","https://openalex.org/W2076950297","https://openalex.org/W2145153623","https://openalex.org/W2163712044","https://openalex.org/W2167117957","https://openalex.org/W2329367870","https://openalex.org/W2329597761","https://openalex.org/W2436872002","https://openalex.org/W2511682328","https://openalex.org/W2552791327","https://openalex.org/W2584025288","https://openalex.org/W2587347436","https://openalex.org/W2598501126","https://openalex.org/W2604308046","https://openalex.org/W2604382266","https://openalex.org/W2625632007","https://openalex.org/W2790613195","https://openalex.org/W2973229164","https://openalex.org/W2974232099","https://openalex.org/W2976205474","https://openalex.org/W2979476646","https://openalex.org/W3010036076","https://openalex.org/W3012260414","https://openalex.org/W3015657090","https://openalex.org/W3037631072","https://openalex.org/W3172394904","https://openalex.org/W6603138199","https://openalex.org/W6633212371","https://openalex.org/W6640174482","https://openalex.org/W6734205138"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3199692305","https://openalex.org/W3010838291","https://openalex.org/W2998352866","https://openalex.org/W2613514429","https://openalex.org/W3084444844","https://openalex.org/W2985649022","https://openalex.org/W2440970055","https://openalex.org/W3033570478","https://openalex.org/W2949161600","https://openalex.org/W2907286062","https://openalex.org/W2082104542","https://openalex.org/W2968301528","https://openalex.org/W2072747475","https://openalex.org/W3024125380","https://openalex.org/W2565655325","https://openalex.org/W2766338640","https://openalex.org/W2998438681","https://openalex.org/W2624688674","https://openalex.org/W3207985790","https://openalex.org/W3184886548"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"optimize":[1],"the":[2,31,38,42,45,69,115,140,144,158,164,188,191,215,218,221,240,244,247,255,260],"operation":[3],"of":[4,44,163,190,199,204,220,246],"a":[5,54,83,90,148],"heating,":[6],"ventilation,":[7],"and":[8,78,132,147,174,211,226,257],"air-conditioning":[9],"(HVAC)":[10],"system":[11,66,117,142],"with":[12,104,118],"advanced":[13],"techniques":[14],"such":[15],"as":[16],"artificial":[17],"neural":[18,92],"network":[19,93],"(ANN),":[20],"previous":[21],"studies":[22],"usually":[23],"need":[24],"forecast":[25,32,70,145],"information":[26,33,71,146,253],"in":[27,49,72,178,202],"their":[28],"method.":[29],"However,":[30],"inevitably":[34],"contains":[35],"errors":[36],"all":[37],"time,":[39],"which":[40,138,154],"degrade":[41],"performance":[43,162,189],"HVAC":[46,65,116,141,156],"operation.":[47],"Hence,":[48],"this":[50],"study,":[51],"we":[52,123,250],"propose":[53],"mixed-integer":[55],"linear":[56],"programming":[57],"(MILP)-based":[58],"imitation":[59,193,223],"learning":[60,151,194,224],"method":[61,131,137,153,225],"to":[62,74,113],"control":[63,114,135,139],"an":[64,101],"without":[67],"using":[68,97,143,157,170,239],"order":[73],"reduce":[75],"energy":[76,209],"cost":[77],"maintain":[79],"thermal":[80,212],"comfort":[81],"at":[82,243],"given":[84],"level.":[85],"Our":[86],"proposed":[87],"controller":[88,110],"is":[89,111,167,195,229],"deep":[91,149],"(DNN)":[94],"trained":[95],"by":[96,100,169,238],"data":[98],"labeled":[99],"MILP":[102,130,241],"solver":[103,242],"historical":[105],"data.":[106,120,160],"After":[107],"training,":[108],"our":[109],"used":[112],"real-time":[119,159],"For":[121],"comparison,":[122],"develop":[124],"two":[125],"different":[126],"methods":[127,166,201],"named":[128],"forecast-based":[129],"model":[133],"predictive":[134],"(MPC)":[136],"reinforcement":[150],"(RL)":[152],"controls":[155],"The":[161],"four":[165],"verified":[168],"real":[171,175],"outdoor":[172],"temperatures":[173],"day-ahead":[176],"prices":[177,258],"Detroit":[179],"city,":[180],"MI,":[181],"USA.":[182],"Numerical":[183],"results":[184,219,228,234],"clearly":[185],"show":[186],"that":[187,198],"MILP-based":[192,222],"better":[196],"than":[197],"other":[200],"terms":[203],"hourly":[205],"power":[206],"consumption,":[207],"daily":[208],"cost,":[210],"comfort.":[213],"Moreover,":[214],"difference":[216],"between":[217],"optimal":[227,233],"almost":[230],"negligible.":[231],"These":[232],"are":[235],"achieved":[236],"only":[237],"end":[245],"day":[248],"when":[249],"have":[251],"full":[252],"on":[254],"weather":[256],"for":[259],"day.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}