{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3197424138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3108792","title":"BeatClass: A Sustainable ECG Classification System in IoT-Based eHealth","display_name":"BeatClass: A Sustainable ECG Classification System in IoT-Based eHealth","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3197424138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3108792","mag":"3197424138"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3108792","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3108792","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034536222","display_name":"Le Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4221-0327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Le Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100449840","display_name":"Yilin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5320-0274"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yilin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066065662","display_name":"Zhiguo Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5783-313X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiguo Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103216531","display_name":"Naixue Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0394-4635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162709352","display_name":"Sul Ross State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x7qhw59","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162709352"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neal N. Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Sul Ross State University, Alpine, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Sul Ross State University, Alpine, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162709352"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034536222"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.7711,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":89,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99134382,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"10","first_page":"7178","last_page":"7195"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7292501926422119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5827836990356445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.48043179512023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ehealth","display_name":"eHealth","score":0.47895532846450806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.38974183797836304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.10135284066200256}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7292501926422119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5827836990356445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.48043179512023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202645933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4930","display_name":"eHealth","level":3,"score":0.47895532846450806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38974183797836304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.10135284066200256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3108792","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3108792","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7924119066","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61702274","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1915489093","https://openalex.org/W1982615314","https://openalex.org/W1988183757","https://openalex.org/W2013627595","https://openalex.org/W2067465309","https://openalex.org/W2090615502","https://openalex.org/W2094547453","https://openalex.org/W2095409369","https://openalex.org/W2103308415","https://openalex.org/W2108396267","https://openalex.org/W2108773319","https://openalex.org/W2114842946","https://openalex.org/W2171305551","https://openalex.org/W2251133041","https://openalex.org/W2507148354","https://openalex.org/W2528703773","https://openalex.org/W2563173059","https://openalex.org/W2587967768","https://openalex.org/W2601746789","https://openalex.org/W2605056515","https://openalex.org/W2617755074","https://openalex.org/W2744006307","https://openalex.org/W2748902594","https://openalex.org/W2778545923","https://openalex.org/W2798651459","https://openalex.org/W2802900481","https://openalex.org/W2803832415","https://openalex.org/W2884754815","https://openalex.org/W2888491225","https://openalex.org/W2904022596","https://openalex.org/W2905877654","https://openalex.org/W2910376060","https://openalex.org/W2916066245","https://openalex.org/W2944062336","https://openalex.org/W2945636339","https://openalex.org/W2951632519","https://openalex.org/W2952715276","https://openalex.org/W2953441447","https://openalex.org/W2962993278","https://openalex.org/W2964115256","https://openalex.org/W2965433388","https://openalex.org/W2974952570","https://openalex.org/W2989219518","https://openalex.org/W2989675228","https://openalex.org/W3007969083","https://openalex.org/W3013629901","https://openalex.org/W3013966144","https://openalex.org/W3015378265","https://openalex.org/W3023290301","https://openalex.org/W3033523981","https://openalex.org/W3085682112","https://openalex.org/W3089391202","https://openalex.org/W3093086118","https://openalex.org/W3099916295","https://openalex.org/W3106455851","https://openalex.org/W3110059932","https://openalex.org/W3126804987","https://openalex.org/W4320406025"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4286629047","https://openalex.org/W3009238340","https://openalex.org/W2939353110","https://openalex.org/W4321369474","https://openalex.org/W4360585206","https://openalex.org/W4285208911"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,5,20,141,164,172,183,218,239,245,279],"rapid":[2],"development":[3,281],"of":[4,7,26,38,87,177,204,248,282],"Internet":[6],"Things":[8],"(IoT),":[9],"it":[10],"becomes":[11],"convenient":[12],"to":[13,17,55,162,170,231,263],"use":[14],"mobile":[15],"devices":[16],"remotely":[18],"monitor":[19],"physiological":[21],"signals":[22],"(e.g.,":[23],"Arrhythmia":[24,146],"diseases)":[25,89],"patients":[27],"with":[28,188,266],"chronic":[29],"diseases":[30,33],"[e.g.,":[31],"cardiovascular":[32],"(CVDs)].":[34],"High":[35],"classification":[36,109,165,229,233,240,246],"accuracy":[37],"interpatient":[39,193],"electrocardiograms":[40],"is":[41,52,59,72,168,186],"extremely":[42],"important":[43,76],"for":[44,192],"diagnosing":[45],"Arrhythmia.":[46],"The":[47,148,196,222],"Supraventricular":[48],"ectopic":[49,67],"beat":[50,68,108],"(S)":[51],"especially":[53],"difficult":[54],"be":[56,261],"classified.":[57],"It":[58,113],"often":[60],"misclassified":[61],"as":[62,82,151],"Normal":[63],"(N)":[64],"or":[65],"Ventricular":[66],"(V).":[69],"Class":[70],"imbalance":[71],"another":[73],"common":[74,145],"and":[75,128,130,153,174,208,214],"problem":[77],"in":[78,179],"electronic":[79],"health":[80],"(eHealth),":[81],"abnormal":[83],"samples":[84,86],"(i.e.,":[85],"specific":[88],"are":[90,157,211],"usually":[91],"far":[92],"less":[93],"than":[94,217],"normal":[95],"samples.":[96],"To":[97],"solve":[98],"these":[99],"problems,":[100],"we":[101],"propose":[102],"a":[103,131,257],"sustainable":[104,280],"deep":[105],"learning-based":[106],"heart":[107],"system,":[110],"called":[111,126,136],"BeatClass.":[112,249],"contains":[114],"three":[115],"main":[116],"components:":[117],"two":[118],"stacked":[119],"bidirectional":[120],"long":[121],"short-term":[122],"memory":[123],"networks":[124],"(Bi-LSTMs),":[125],"Rist":[127,138,156],"Morst,":[129],"generative":[132],"adversarial":[133],"network":[134],"(GAN),":[135],"MorphGAN.":[137],"first":[139],"classifies":[140],"heartbeats":[142,149,178,210,265],"into":[143],"five":[144],"classes.":[147,181],"classified":[150,159],"S":[152],"V":[154,209],"by":[155,160],"further":[158],"Morst":[161],"improve":[163,232,238],"accuracy.":[166],"MorphGAN":[167],"used":[169],"augment":[171],"morphological":[173],"contextual":[175],"knowledge":[176],"infrequent":[180],"In":[182],"experiment,":[184],"BeatClass":[185,259,276],"compared":[187],"several":[189],"state-of-the-art":[190],"works":[191],"arrhythmia":[194],"classification.":[195],"<inline-formula":[197],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[198],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[199],"<tex-math":[200],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$F1$":[201],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[202],"-scores":[203],"classifying":[205],"N,":[206],"S,":[207],"0.6%,":[212],"16.0%,":[213],"1.8%":[215],"higher":[216],"best":[219],"baseline":[220],"method.":[221],"experimental":[223],"result":[224],"demonstrates":[225],"that":[226,275],"taking":[227],"multiple":[228],"models":[230],"results":[234],"step-by-step":[235],"may":[236],"significantly":[237],"performance.":[241],"We":[242],"also":[243],"evaluate":[244],"sustainability":[247],"Based":[250],"on":[251],"different":[252,267],"physical":[253],"signal":[254],"data":[255],"sets,":[256],"trained":[258],"can":[260,277],"updated":[262],"classify":[264],"sampling":[268],"rates.":[269],"Finally,":[270],"an":[271],"engineering":[272],"application":[273],"indicates":[274],"promote":[278],"IoT-based":[283],"eHealth.":[284]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
