{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3194615442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3104324","title":"A Collaborative Computational Offloading Strategy for Latency-Sensitive Applications in Fog Networks","display_name":"A Collaborative Computational Offloading Strategy for Latency-Sensitive Applications in Fog Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3194615442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3104324","mag":"3194615442"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3104324","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3104324","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049766136","display_name":"Indranil Sarkar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5372-2662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38335241","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Raipur","ror":"https://ror.org/02y553197","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38335241"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Indranil Sarkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38335241"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035454333","display_name":"Mainak Adhikari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0647-4656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26072440","display_name":"Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad","ror":"https://ror.org/03rgjt374","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26072440"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91699865","display_name":"Indian Institute of Management Lucknow","ror":"https://ror.org/05gfjrx96","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91699865"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mainak Adhikari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Indian Institute of Information Technology Lucknow, Lucknow, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Indian Institute of Information Technology Lucknow, Lucknow, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91699865","https://openalex.org/I26072440"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100409306","display_name":"Neeraj Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-3947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143578492","display_name":"Asia University","ror":"https://ror.org/038a1tp19","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143578492"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162030827","display_name":"Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00wdq3744","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5847235","display_name":"University of Petroleum and Energy Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/04q2jes40","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5847235"]}],"countries":["IN","TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neeraj Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India","Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung City, Taiwan","School of Computer Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143578492"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5847235"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010579097","display_name":"Sanjay Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6888-7275"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38335241","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Raipur","ror":"https://ror.org/02y553197","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38335241"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjay Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38335241"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049766136"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38335241"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9824,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93857256,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"6","first_page":"4565","last_page":"4572"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.984499990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8652471303939819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6355814337730408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5537155270576477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4765506386756897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.4583205282688141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integer-programming","display_name":"Integer programming","score":0.4570470154285431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.4190400242805481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-latency","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","score":0.41482478380203247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.32985514402389526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1748257875442505}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8652471303939819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6355814337730408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5537155270576477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4765506386756897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.4583205282688141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56086750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6042592","display_name":"Integer programming","level":2,"score":0.4570470154285431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4190400242805481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46637626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693015","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","level":2,"score":0.41482478380203247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.32985514402389526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1748257875442505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3104324","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3104324","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2133255965","https://openalex.org/W2251418013","https://openalex.org/W2776276349","https://openalex.org/W2802746476","https://openalex.org/W2804147884","https://openalex.org/W2885631546","https://openalex.org/W2897503274","https://openalex.org/W2901152868","https://openalex.org/W2947861320","https://openalex.org/W2980048925","https://openalex.org/W2984191096","https://openalex.org/W2988930013","https://openalex.org/W2993339811","https://openalex.org/W2994654853","https://openalex.org/W2999326456","https://openalex.org/W3001814419","https://openalex.org/W3005555049","https://openalex.org/W3006836184","https://openalex.org/W3013961703","https://openalex.org/W3013983969","https://openalex.org/W3033036004","https://openalex.org/W3083869687","https://openalex.org/W3109538715"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W3205411230","https://openalex.org/W4286899009","https://openalex.org/W9168048","https://openalex.org/W4300849822","https://openalex.org/W4376480820","https://openalex.org/W3155891479","https://openalex.org/W3029351463","https://openalex.org/W2885352820","https://openalex.org/W4296591952"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Network":[0],"data":[1,49],"traffic":[2],"has":[3,40],"expanded":[4],"exponentially":[5],"over":[6],"the":[7,27,55,59,62,68,78,84,95,106,133,139,149,170,174,179,197,215,218,227],"past":[8],"decade,":[9],"resulting":[10],"in":[11,14,100,109,173,231],"massive":[12],"congestion":[13,50],"heterogeneous":[15,117],"networks.":[16],"Nevertheless,":[17],"it":[18,89,184,195],"is":[19,80,152,159],"nearly":[20],"impossible":[21],"to":[22,26,33,46,61,82,90,168,213,236],"run":[23],"latency-intensive":[24],"applications":[25],"end-users":[28],"local":[29],"processing":[30],"unit":[31],"due":[32],"limited":[34],"system":[35,157],"resources.":[36],"Recently,":[37],"fog":[38,64,118,124],"computing":[39],"come":[41],"up":[42],"with":[43,121,143],"a":[44,110,122,126,162],"solution":[45],"reduce":[47,169],"such":[48],"by":[51,196,204],"offloading":[52,72,107,220],"some":[53],"or":[54,67,94],"whole":[56],"part":[57],"of":[58,115,217],"task":[60,85],"nearby":[63],"nodes":[65],"(FNs)":[66],"clouds.":[69],"But":[70],"this":[71,98,101],"policy":[73],"becomes":[74],"more":[75],"complex":[76],"when":[77,234],"FN":[79,93],"unable":[81],"process":[83],"and":[86,125,147,192],"further":[87,193],"offload":[88],"another":[91],"neighboring":[92],"cloud.":[96],"In":[97],"context,":[99],"study,":[102],"we":[103,182,209],"have":[104,131],"analyzed":[105],"strategy":[108,229],"hierarchical":[111],"fog-cloud":[112],"network":[113],"consisting":[114],"several":[116,206],"devices":[119],"along":[120],"helping":[123],"centralized":[127],"cloud":[128],"server.":[129],"We":[130],"considered":[132],"most":[134],"possible":[135],"practical":[136],"situation":[137],"where":[138],"FNs":[140],"are":[141],"equipped":[142],"different":[144],"CPU":[145],"frequencies":[146],"hence,":[148],"power":[150],"consumption":[151],"also":[153],"different.":[154],"The":[155,222],"total":[156],"cost":[158],"formulated":[160],"as":[161],"mixed-integer":[163],"nonlinear":[164],"problem":[165],"that":[166,226],"aims":[167],"overall":[171],"delay":[172],"proposed":[175,219,228],"network.":[176],"To":[177],"solve":[178,194],"NP-hard":[180],"problem,":[181],"transform":[183],"into":[185],"quadratically":[186],"constrained":[187],"quadratic":[188],"programming":[189],"(QCQP)":[190],"formation":[191],"separable":[198],"semidefinite":[199],"relaxation":[200],"(SDR)":[201],"method.":[202],"Finally,":[203],"adopting":[205],"benchmark":[207],"data,":[208],"conduct":[210],"comprehensive":[211],"simulations":[212],"test":[214],"efficiency":[216],"profile.":[221],"simulation":[223],"results":[224],"depict":[225],"outperforms":[230],"many":[232],"aspects":[233],"compared":[235],"various":[237],"baseline":[238],"algorithms.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
