{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3195239680","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3097511","title":"Ensemble Strategy Utilizing a Broad Learning System for Indoor Fingerprint Localization","display_name":"Ensemble Strategy Utilizing a Broad Learning System for Indoor Fingerprint Localization","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3195239680","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3097511","mag":"3195239680"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3097511","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3097511","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108764865","display_name":"Chen Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chen Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Networking, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Networking, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037428599","display_name":"Tie Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2324-2523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tie Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Networking, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Networking, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073319541","display_name":"Chaokun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8996-8429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaokun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Networking, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Networking, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041346888","display_name":"Wenyu Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4817-5187"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenyu Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Networking, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Networking, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001469325","display_name":"Dapeng Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1755-0183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dapeng Oliver Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108764865"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6044,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83349667,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"4","first_page":"3011","last_page":"3022"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.879252552986145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6000489592552185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.5870651006698608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.546779990196228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.48982664942741394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.4592774510383606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bootstrapping","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","score":0.43592965602874756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.43547242879867554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.43518713116645813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.43195411562919617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3211744725704193}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.879252552986145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6000489592552185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5870651006698608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.546779990196228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.48982664942741394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.4592774510383606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207609745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4944086","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","level":2,"score":0.43592965602874756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.43547242879867554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.43518713116645813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.43195411562919617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3211744725704193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106159729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553","display_name":"Financial economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3097511","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3097511","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2011158995","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2001204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3112569966","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019YFB1703601","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3466515993","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020M680906","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994961964","https://openalex.org/W1999022712","https://openalex.org/W2089695767","https://openalex.org/W2128190945","https://openalex.org/W2146661052","https://openalex.org/W2170102584","https://openalex.org/W2309512289","https://openalex.org/W2342827161","https://openalex.org/W2526606216","https://openalex.org/W2737886025","https://openalex.org/W2738226240","https://openalex.org/W2767364369","https://openalex.org/W2768882654","https://openalex.org/W2774472083","https://openalex.org/W2792793629","https://openalex.org/W2808827371","https://openalex.org/W2865154361","https://openalex.org/W2886557566","https://openalex.org/W2904319596","https://openalex.org/W2922079523","https://openalex.org/W2941009020","https://openalex.org/W2945420568","https://openalex.org/W2945828882","https://openalex.org/W2962799344","https://openalex.org/W2979325071","https://openalex.org/W2980912481","https://openalex.org/W2991563293","https://openalex.org/W2998593207","https://openalex.org/W3008702594","https://openalex.org/W3033251915","https://openalex.org/W3047491762","https://openalex.org/W3084212472","https://openalex.org/W4212883601"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1534274833","https://openalex.org/W3117246195","https://openalex.org/W156620619","https://openalex.org/W2098233217","https://openalex.org/W2914363205","https://openalex.org/W2616249226","https://openalex.org/W2997844990","https://openalex.org/W3124943098","https://openalex.org/W4308112567","https://openalex.org/W3162132941"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Indoor":[0],"positioning":[1,53],"technology":[2],"based":[3],"on":[4],"Wi-Fi":[5],"fingerprint":[6],"recognition":[7],"has":[8,123,199],"been":[9],"widely":[10],"studied":[11],"owing":[12],"to":[13,85,95],"the":[14,20,28,36,40,87,92,97,124,137,150,166,195,200,209],"pervasiveness":[15],"of":[16,22,24,39,126],"hardware":[17],"facilities":[18],"and":[19,152,154,180,183],"ease":[21],"implementation":[23],"software":[25],"technology.":[26],"However,":[27],"similarity-based":[29],"method":[30,43,82],"is":[31,44,55,77,83,111,145,184],"not":[32,57,121],"sufficiently":[33],"accurate,":[34],"whereas":[35],"offline":[37,210],"training":[38,88,211],"neural":[41,114,189],"network-based":[42],"overly":[45],"time":[46,127],"consuming.":[47],"An":[48],"efficient":[49],"model":[50],"with":[51],"high":[52],"accuracy":[54,171],"therefore":[56],"yet":[58],"available.":[59],"We":[60],"propose":[61],"a":[62,74,112,118,132],"stacking":[63],"ensemble":[64],"broad":[65,106],"learning":[66,107],"localization":[67],"system":[68,94,108,168],"using":[69,103],"channel":[70],"state":[71],"information":[72],"as":[73,117,204],"fingerprint,":[75],"which":[76,90,110,136,206],"termed":[78],"EnsemLoca.":[79],"A":[80,141],"bootstrapping":[81],"used":[84],"build":[86,96],"set,":[89],"enables":[91],"EnsemLoca":[93,167],"base":[98,119,143],"learner":[99,144],"in":[100,135,176],"parallel":[101],"by":[102,147,158,192],"bagging.":[104],"The":[105,161],"(BLS),":[109],"novel":[113],"network":[115],"model,":[116],"learner,":[120],"only":[122],"advantage":[125],"complexity":[128,203],"but":[129],"also":[130],"offers":[131],"sparse":[133],"representation":[134],"features":[138],"are":[139,156],"filtered.":[140],"unique":[142],"constructed":[146],"randomly":[148],"selecting":[149],"samples":[151],"features,":[153],"they":[155],"combined":[157],"stack":[159],"generalization.":[160],"experimental":[162],"results":[163],"show":[164],"that":[165],"achieves":[169],"higher":[170],"than":[172,187],"several":[173],"machine-learning":[174],"algorithms":[175],"both":[177],"line-of-sight":[178],"(LOS)":[179],"non-LOS":[181],"environments,":[182],"even":[185],"stronger":[186],"deep":[188],"networks":[190],"characterized":[191],"accuracy.":[193],"At":[194],"same":[196,201],"time,":[197],"it":[198],"theoretical":[202],"BLS,":[205],"greatly":[207],"reduces":[208],"time.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-02-27T16:54:17.756197","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
