{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3174263212","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3091683","title":"Toward Efficiently Evaluating the Robustness of Deep Neural Networks in IoT Systems: A GAN-Based Method","display_name":"Toward Efficiently Evaluating the Robustness of Deep Neural Networks in IoT Systems: A GAN-Based Method","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3174263212","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3091683","mag":"3174263212"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3091683","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3091683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2111.10055","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072156971","display_name":"Tao Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2034-8026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tao Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","[School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798. (e-mail: bait0002@ntu.edu.sg)]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798. (e-mail: bait0002@ntu.edu.sg)]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071321132","display_name":"Jun Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3004-7091"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005818978","display_name":"Jinlin Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4296-5914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinlin Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University,Singapore, 639798"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University,Singapore, 639798","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060399367","display_name":"Shoudong Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0572-4748"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shoudong Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multispectral Information Processing and School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","[National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multispectral Information Processing, and School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation at Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multispectral Information Processing and School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multispectral Information Processing, and School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation at Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012396970","display_name":"Jiefeng Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiefeng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026419076","display_name":"Bo Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9743-9447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","[Computer Science Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 4310 Siebel Center 201 N. Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL 61801, USA.]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Computer Science Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 4310 Siebel Center 201 N. Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL 61801, USA.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080977911","display_name":"Alex C. Kot","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6262-8125"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex Kot","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University,Singapore, 639798"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University,Singapore, 639798","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072156971"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8399,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78416795,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"3","first_page":"1875","last_page":"1884"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.837779700756073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8053606748580933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.658008337020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.41285237669944763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40400493144989014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3876713216304779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.354874849319458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.2388031780719757}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.837779700756073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8053606748580933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.658008337020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.41285237669944763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40400493144989014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3876713216304779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.354874849319458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2388031780719757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3091683","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3091683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2111.10055","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2111.10055","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2111.10055","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2111.10055","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2111.10055","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2111.10055","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1673923490","https://openalex.org/W1738019091","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W2058401212","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2120556062","https://openalex.org/W2180612164","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2405756170","https://openalex.org/W2604147826","https://openalex.org/W2620038827","https://openalex.org/W2746600820","https://openalex.org/W2766401293","https://openalex.org/W2787579267","https://openalex.org/W2793937251","https://openalex.org/W2808560727","https://openalex.org/W2889144763","https://openalex.org/W2890591829","https://openalex.org/W2891406774","https://openalex.org/W2892077825","https://openalex.org/W2896078964","https://openalex.org/W2913270712","https://openalex.org/W2945260553","https://openalex.org/W2947874337","https://openalex.org/W2950776302","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2962872506","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2963143631","https://openalex.org/W2963448658","https://openalex.org/W2963542245","https://openalex.org/W2963684088","https://openalex.org/W2963744840","https://openalex.org/W2963855547","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2964137095","https://openalex.org/W2964197269","https://openalex.org/W2979450790","https://openalex.org/W2989542485","https://openalex.org/W3005680577","https://openalex.org/W3034554822","https://openalex.org/W3034781633","https://openalex.org/W3041689490","https://openalex.org/W3081084674","https://openalex.org/W3106412272","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3191453585","https://openalex.org/W4293846201","https://openalex.org/W4295521014","https://openalex.org/W4300511536","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W4394670483","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6729482032","https://openalex.org/W6735913928","https://openalex.org/W6748204703","https://openalex.org/W6748475379","https://openalex.org/W6754438973","https://openalex.org/W6759001030","https://openalex.org/W6762122294","https://openalex.org/W6787972765"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4245926026","https://openalex.org/W4311097251","https://openalex.org/W2586548817","https://openalex.org/W2625093826","https://openalex.org/W2950174689","https://openalex.org/W4200598720","https://openalex.org/W2921026492","https://openalex.org/W4247463117","https://openalex.org/W4361251261","https://openalex.org/W3031181660"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intelligent":[0],"Internet":[1],"of":[2,46],"Things":[3],"(IoT)":[4],"systems":[5,48],"based":[6],"on":[7,119],"deep":[8],"neural":[9],"networks":[10,95],"(DNNs)":[11],"have":[12,58],"been":[13,59],"widely":[14],"deployed":[15],"in":[16,81,123],"the":[17,44,62,154],"real":[18],"world.":[19],"However,":[20],"DNNs":[21],"are":[22,70],"found":[23],"to":[24,27,97,160],"be":[25],"vulnerable":[26],"adversarial":[28,94,99,107],"examples,":[29],"which":[30,77],"raises":[31],"people\u2019s":[32],"concerns":[33],"about":[34,169],"intelligent":[35],"IoT":[36,47],"systems\u2019":[37],"reliability":[38],"and":[39,42,51,56,113,128,147,166],"security.":[40],"Testing":[41],"evaluating":[43],"robustness":[45],"become":[49],"necessary":[50],"essential.":[52],"Recently,":[53],"various":[54],"attacks":[55],"strategies":[57],"proposed,":[60],"but":[61],"efficiency":[63],"problem":[64],"remains":[65],"unsolved":[66],"properly.":[67],"Existing":[68],"methods":[69],"either":[71],"computationally":[72],"extensive":[73,136],"or":[74],"time":[75,150],"consuming,":[76],"is":[78],"not":[79],"applicable":[80],"practice.":[82],"In":[83],"this":[84],"article,":[85],"we":[86],"propose":[87],"a":[88],"novel":[89],"framework,":[90],"called":[91],"attack-inspired":[92],"generative":[93],"(AI-GAN)":[96],"generate":[98,106],"examples":[100],"conditionally.":[101],"Once":[102],"trained,":[103],"it":[104],"can":[105],"perturbations":[108],"efficiently":[109],"given":[110],"input":[111],"images":[112],"target":[114],"classes.":[115,175],"We":[116],"apply":[117],"AI-GAN":[118,138,157],"different":[120],"data":[121,162],"sets":[122],"white-box":[124],"settings,":[125,127],"black-box":[126],"targeted":[129],"models":[130],"protected":[131],"by":[132],"state-of-the-art":[133],"defenses.":[134],"Through":[135],"experiments,":[137],"achieves":[139],"high":[140],"attack":[141],"success":[142,171],"rates,":[143],"outperforming":[144],"existing":[145],"methods,":[146],"reduces":[148],"generation":[149],"significantly.":[151],"Moreover,":[152],"for":[153],"first":[155],"time,":[156],"successfully":[158],"scales":[159],"complex":[161],"sets,":[163],"e.g.,":[164],"CIFAR-100":[165],"ImageNet,":[167],"with":[168],"90%":[170],"rates":[172],"among":[173],"all":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2021-07-05T00:00:00"}