{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3174997142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3091142","title":"Deep Reinforcement Learning for Energy-Efficient Computation Offloading in Mobile-Edge Computing","display_name":"Deep Reinforcement Learning for Energy-Efficient Computation Offloading in Mobile-Edge Computing","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3174997142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3091142","mag":"3174997142"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3091142","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3091142","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049807322","display_name":"Huan Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4007-7224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161350542","display_name":"China Three Gorges University","ror":"https://ror.org/0419nfc77","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161350542"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Technology, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4007-7224","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Technology, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161350542"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010999540","display_name":"Kai Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5706-7834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161350542","display_name":"China Three Gorges University","ror":"https://ror.org/0419nfc77","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161350542"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Technology, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Technology, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161350542"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072491273","display_name":"Xuxun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3132-0616"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuxun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Centre of Multimedia Information Security Detection and Intelligent Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3132-0616","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Centre of Multimedia Information Security Detection and Intelligent Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100413431","display_name":"Xiuhua Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9041-0297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiuhua Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China","School of Big Data and Software Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9041-0297","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Big Data and Software Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035919267","display_name":"Victor C. M. Leung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3529-2640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CA","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victor C. M. Leung","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3529-2640","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":29.6993,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":332,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99906936,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"2","first_page":"1517","last_page":"1530"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation-offloading","display_name":"Computation offloading","score":0.7021093368530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6998056173324585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.598182201385498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-edge-computing","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","score":0.5319353342056274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.5265013575553894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.46663767099380493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.41862380504608154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4046666622161865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.37021297216415405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.3149963617324829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29995840787887573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.24157115817070007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.23260179162025452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17010530829429626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.10925230383872986}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.7021093368530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6998056173324585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.598182201385498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.5319353342056274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.5265013575553894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.46663767099380493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.41862380504608154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4046666622161865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.37021297216415405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.3149963617324829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29995840787887573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.24157115817070007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.23260179162025452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17010530829429626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.10925230383872986}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3091142","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3091142","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8199999928474426}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8451013447","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u673a\u4f1a\u79fb\u52a8\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u79fb\u52a8\u6570\u636e\u5378\u8f7d\u5173\u952e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61872221","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2195423816","https://openalex.org/W2343050074","https://openalex.org/W2400861403","https://openalex.org/W2511425482","https://openalex.org/W2603810864","https://openalex.org/W2620831508","https://openalex.org/W2751904527","https://openalex.org/W2761545465","https://openalex.org/W2761862361","https://openalex.org/W2778138942","https://openalex.org/W2786027963","https://openalex.org/W2791432311","https://openalex.org/W2803421549","https://openalex.org/W2808381205","https://openalex.org/W2886033427","https://openalex.org/W2889540440","https://openalex.org/W2891123429","https://openalex.org/W2898035736","https://openalex.org/W2909267459","https://openalex.org/W2914434280","https://openalex.org/W2916889275","https://openalex.org/W2938135176","https://openalex.org/W2950865323","https://openalex.org/W2959077418","https://openalex.org/W2963060851","https://openalex.org/W2964050982","https://openalex.org/W2967578255","https://openalex.org/W2967734072","https://openalex.org/W2968424451","https://openalex.org/W2971544482","https://openalex.org/W2974654731","https://openalex.org/W2994452598","https://openalex.org/W2998623446","https://openalex.org/W3002258616","https://openalex.org/W3009864640","https://openalex.org/W3010723141","https://openalex.org/W3012316639","https://openalex.org/W3024681024","https://openalex.org/W3034730089","https://openalex.org/W3047488480","https://openalex.org/W3080609575","https://openalex.org/W3105504538","https://openalex.org/W3105886168"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200420173","https://openalex.org/W3120617837","https://openalex.org/W3127808443","https://openalex.org/W2916011811","https://openalex.org/W3034137700","https://openalex.org/W4362496467","https://openalex.org/W2896883851","https://openalex.org/W2917127270","https://openalex.org/W3185499500","https://openalex.org/W3014317926"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mobile-edge":[0],"computing":[1,8],"(MEC)":[2],"has":[3],"emerged":[4],"as":[5,113,115,128],"a":[6,90,129,137,165],"promising":[7],"paradigm":[9],"in":[10,45,61,71,89,191],"the":[11,32,37,59,62,72,80,100,104,110,116,126,147,158,174,183,195,199,208,215,237],"5G":[12],"architecture,":[13],"which":[14,170],"can":[15,171,212],"empower":[16],"user":[17],"equipments":[18],"(UEs)":[19],"with":[20,50,207,225],"computation":[21,40,84,122,151],"and":[22,42,65,86,135,153,211,220,231],"energy":[23,101,222],"resources":[24],"offered":[25],"by":[26,108],"migrating":[27],"workloads":[28],"from":[29],"UEs":[30,240],"to":[31,98,145],"nearby":[33],"MEC":[34,46,93,106],"servers.":[35],"Although":[36],"issues":[38],"of":[39,83,103,120,150,160,217,239],"offloading":[41,85,152,226,232],"resource":[43,87,118,154],"allocation":[44,88],"have":[47],"been":[48],"studied":[49],"different":[51,192],"optimization":[52,82],"objectives,":[53],"they":[54],"mainly":[55],"focus":[56],"on":[57],"facilitating":[58],"performance":[60,206],"quasistatic":[63],"system,":[64,107],"seldomly":[66],"consider":[67],"time-varying":[68],"system":[69],"conditions":[70],"time":[73],"domain.":[74],"In":[75],"this":[76],"article,":[77],"we":[78,162],"investigate":[79],"joint":[81,148],"dynamic":[91],"multiuser":[92],"system.":[94],"Our":[95],"objective":[96],"is":[97,241],"minimize":[99],"consumption":[102,223],"entire":[105],"considering":[109],"delay":[111],"constraint":[112],"well":[114],"uncertain":[117],"requirements":[119],"heterogeneous":[121],"tasks.":[123],"We":[124],"formulate":[125],"problem":[127],"mixed-integer":[130],"nonlinear":[131],"programming":[132],"(MINLP)":[133],"problem,":[134],"propose":[136,164],"value":[138,175],"iteration-based":[139],"reinforcement":[140],"learning":[141],"(RL)":[142],"method,":[143,169,210,230,234],"named$Q$-Learning,":[144],"determine":[146],"policy":[149],"allocation.":[155],"To":[156],"avoid":[157],"curse":[159],"dimensionality,":[161],"further":[163],"double":[166],"deep$Q$network":[167],"(DDQN)-based":[168],"efficiently":[172],"approximate":[173],"function":[176],"of$Q$-learning.":[177],"The":[178],"simulation":[179],"results":[180],"demonstrate":[181],"that":[182],"proposed":[184,200],"methods":[185,190],"significantly":[186,213],"outperform":[187],"other":[188],"baseline":[189],"scenarios,":[193],"except":[194],"exhaustion":[196,209],"method.":[197],"Especially,":[198],"DDQN-based":[201],"method":[202],"achieves":[203],"very":[204],"close":[205],"reduce":[214],"average":[216],"20%,":[218],"35%,":[219],"53%":[221],"compared":[224],"decision,":[227],"local":[228],"first":[229,233],"respectively,":[235],"when":[236],"number":[238],"5.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":75},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":97},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":77},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
