{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3164444667","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3083934","title":"GaitCube: Deep Data Cube Learning for Human Recognition With Millimeter-Wave Radio","display_name":"GaitCube: Deep Data Cube Learning for Human Recognition With Millimeter-Wave Radio","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3164444667","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3083934","mag":"3164444667"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3083934","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3083934","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046626869","display_name":"Muhammed Zahid Ozturk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8831-9208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammed Zahid Ozturk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","Origin Wireless Inc, Greenbelt, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Origin Wireless Inc, Greenbelt, MD, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080848262","display_name":"Chenshu Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9700-4627"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenshu Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","Origin Wireless Inc, Greenbelt, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Origin Wireless Inc, Greenbelt, MD, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100335555","display_name":"Beibei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7100-0815"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beibei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","Origin Wireless Inc, Greenbelt, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Origin Wireless Inc, Greenbelt, MD, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032395820","display_name":"K. J. Ray Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5469-5811"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K.J. Ray Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","Origin Wireless Inc, Greenbelt, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Origin Wireless Inc, Greenbelt, MD, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046626869"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5122,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95289235,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"546","last_page":"557"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5775567889213562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5522366762161255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.520551323890686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37012577056884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.365617036819458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.11881864070892334}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5775567889213562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5522366762161255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.520551323890686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37012577056884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.365617036819458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.11881864070892334}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3083934","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3083934","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1538006934","https://openalex.org/W1975424657","https://openalex.org/W1980007397","https://openalex.org/W2014758824","https://openalex.org/W2016549506","https://openalex.org/W2020405099","https://openalex.org/W2065726711","https://openalex.org/W2073703261","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2100989187","https://openalex.org/W2151373013","https://openalex.org/W2152115238","https://openalex.org/W2153594606","https://openalex.org/W2157770256","https://openalex.org/W2159138006","https://openalex.org/W2404004865","https://openalex.org/W2510977315","https://openalex.org/W2517331439","https://openalex.org/W2552265749","https://openalex.org/W2554581053","https://openalex.org/W2563276102","https://openalex.org/W2734730826","https://openalex.org/W2788518751","https://openalex.org/W2790336835","https://openalex.org/W2798205579","https://openalex.org/W2799045344","https://openalex.org/W2811272561","https://openalex.org/W2896542121","https://openalex.org/W2897132279","https://openalex.org/W2944320448","https://openalex.org/W2949860773","https://openalex.org/W2950821050","https://openalex.org/W2952065976","https://openalex.org/W2952586546","https://openalex.org/W2995761730","https://openalex.org/W2997616834","https://openalex.org/W3007175056","https://openalex.org/W3008807171","https://openalex.org/W3009059746","https://openalex.org/W3015328623","https://openalex.org/W3035216422","https://openalex.org/W3046956326","https://openalex.org/W3047450415","https://openalex.org/W3083475243","https://openalex.org/W3085158417","https://openalex.org/W3094557008","https://openalex.org/W3103564114","https://openalex.org/W4253510307","https://openalex.org/W4256340279","https://openalex.org/W6674330103"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4313488044","https://openalex.org/W3209574120","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4210805261"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Monitoring":[0],"and":[1,21,34,44,108,140,144,156,213,239,258],"identifying":[2],"gait":[3,25,73,186,207],"has":[4],"recently":[5],"emerged":[6],"as":[7],"a":[8,24,71,82,101,125,173,181,205,252,256],"promising":[9],"solution":[10],"candidate":[11],"for":[12,234],"unobtrusive":[13],"human":[14,142],"recognition.":[15],"In":[16,58],"order":[17],"to":[18,31,36,217],"enable":[19],"ubiquitous":[20,259],"reliable":[22],"application,":[23],"recognition":[26,74,230],"system":[27,75],"must":[28],"be":[29],"robust":[30],"environment":[32],"changes":[33],"easy":[35],"use":[37],"without":[38],"requiring":[39],"too":[40],"much":[41],"user":[42],"cooperation":[43],"recalibration,":[45],"while":[46],"maintaining":[47],"high":[48],"accuracy,":[49],"which":[50],"is":[51],"often":[52],"not":[53],"satisfied":[54],"in":[55,172,184,251],"conventional":[56],"approaches.":[57],"this":[59],"article,":[60],"we":[61,93],"present":[62],"<inline-formula":[63,130,158,192],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[64,96,131,149,159,193],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[65,132,160,194],"<tex-math":[66,133,161,195],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\boldsymbol":[67,134,162,196],"{GaitCube}$":[68,135,163,197],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[69,136,164,198],",":[70,100],"high-accuracy":[72],"with":[76,177,204],"the":[77,90,117,147,214,222],"minimal":[78],"training":[79,91,248],"requirement":[80],"using":[81,209,243],"single":[83,206,253],"commodity":[84],"millimeter-wave":[85],"(mmWave)":[86],"radio.":[87],"To":[88],"reduce":[89],"overhead,":[92],"propose":[94],"<italic":[95,148],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">gait":[97,150],"data":[98,151,249],"cube</i>":[99],"novel":[102],"3-D":[103],"joint-feature":[104],"representation":[105],"of":[106,121,127,202,232,247],"micro-Doppler":[107],"micro-range":[109],"signatures":[110],"over":[111,180,236],"time":[112],"that":[113,191],"can":[114,137],"comprehensively":[115],"embody":[116],"physical":[118],"relevant":[119],"features":[120],"one\u2019s":[122],"gait.":[123],"With":[124],"pipeline":[126],"signal":[128],"processing,":[129],"automatically":[138],"detect":[139],"segment":[141],"walking":[143],"effectively":[145],"extract":[146],"cubes</i>":[152],".":[153],"We":[154],"implement":[155],"evaluate":[157],"through":[165],"experiments":[166],"conducted":[167],"at":[168],"six":[169],"different":[170,237],"locations":[171,241],"typical":[174],"indoor":[175],"space":[176],"ten":[178],"subjects":[179],"month,":[182],"resulting":[183],">50000":[185],"instances.":[187],"The":[188],"results":[189],"show":[190],"achieves":[199,227],"an":[200,228],"accuracy":[201,215,231],"96.1%":[203],"cycle":[208],"one":[210],"receive":[211,223],"antenna,":[212],"increases":[216],"98.3%":[218],"when":[219],"combining":[220],"all":[221],"antennas.":[224],"Further,":[225],"it":[226],"average":[229],"79.1%":[233],"testing":[235],"times":[238],"unseen":[240],"by":[242],"only":[244],"2":[245],"min":[246],"collected":[250],"location,":[254],"enabling":[255],"practical":[257],"gait-based":[260],"identification.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}