{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3160147580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3079472","title":"Federated Learning With Unreliable Clients: Performance Analysis and Mechanism Design","display_name":"Federated Learning With Unreliable Clients: Performance Analysis and Mechanism Design","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3160147580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3079472","mag":"3160147580"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3079472","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3079472","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chuan Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6198-9498"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuan Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6198-9498","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100691319","display_name":"Jun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6239-2922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6239-2922","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075722123","display_name":"Ming Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3690-0321"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data61, CSIRO, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3690-0321","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data61, CSIRO, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I42894916"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034649717","display_name":"Kang Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8794-2153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kang Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8794-2153","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100344189","display_name":"Wen Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2133-8679"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2133-8679","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042307561","display_name":"H. Vincent Poor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2062-131X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Vincent Poor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2062-131X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2045,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2045},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2036,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9468537,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"24","first_page":"17308","last_page":"17319"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9786999821662903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8684163689613342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/news-aggregator","display_name":"News aggregator","score":0.7244333624839783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.5973172783851624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.557056188583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4819590747356415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upload","display_name":"Upload","score":0.4682546555995941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.46174293756484985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-gradient-descent","display_name":"Stochastic gradient descent","score":0.44565677642822266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43297019600868225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"Federated learning","score":0.4278663694858551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4272475838661194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.363899827003479}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8684163689613342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180505990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498267","display_name":"News aggregator","level":2,"score":0.7244333624839783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5973172783851624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.557056188583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4819590747356415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71901391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7126699","display_name":"Upload","level":2,"score":0.4682546555995941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.46174293756484985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206688291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7617819","display_name":"Stochastic gradient descent","level":3,"score":0.44565677642822266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43297019600868225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.4278663694858551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4272475838661194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.363899827003479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3079472","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3079472","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1049029497","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62002170","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2276391916","display_name":"\u4e0b\u4e00\u4ee3\u5f02\u6784\u8702\u7a9d\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u9762\u5411\u79fb\u52a8\u8fb9\u7f18\u8ba1\u7b97\u67b6\u6784\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u8fc1\u79fb\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61872184","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3365405956","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62071296","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3504475426","display_name":"NSF-BSF:CIF: Small:  A Unified View of Estimation and Information Relationships for Networks and Beyond","funder_award_id":"1908308","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2112507308","https://openalex.org/W2144906988","https://openalex.org/W2472333518","https://openalex.org/W2546306028","https://openalex.org/W2561030936","https://openalex.org/W2591882872","https://openalex.org/W2744599870","https://openalex.org/W2752689052","https://openalex.org/W2768475350","https://openalex.org/W2807006176","https://openalex.org/W2810065831","https://openalex.org/W2836883261","https://openalex.org/W2887731362","https://openalex.org/W2903356604","https://openalex.org/W2963179579","https://openalex.org/W2963318081","https://openalex.org/W2963456518","https://openalex.org/W2964036258","https://openalex.org/W2964162474","https://openalex.org/W2971544778","https://openalex.org/W2972594657","https://openalex.org/W2998368790","https://openalex.org/W3000465071","https://openalex.org/W3002416713","https://openalex.org/W3013124972","https://openalex.org/W3016632787","https://openalex.org/W3017123256","https://openalex.org/W3021654819","https://openalex.org/W3024155825","https://openalex.org/W3044515030","https://openalex.org/W3048715803","https://openalex.org/W3102816259","https://openalex.org/W3105324058","https://openalex.org/W3106312933","https://openalex.org/W3111818035","https://openalex.org/W3131052410","https://openalex.org/W4288578176","https://openalex.org/W4297791730","https://openalex.org/W4318619660","https://openalex.org/W6676935882","https://openalex.org/W6728757088","https://openalex.org/W6743821447","https://openalex.org/W6751593052","https://openalex.org/W6752600739","https://openalex.org/W6756840679","https://openalex.org/W6758201434","https://openalex.org/W6769941598","https://openalex.org/W6770634426"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3036238356","https://openalex.org/W2767445978","https://openalex.org/W2603387358","https://openalex.org/W2570892890","https://openalex.org/W3092831610","https://openalex.org/W2012785328","https://openalex.org/W2015184777","https://openalex.org/W962287279","https://openalex.org/W4280503768","https://openalex.org/W4280593074"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Owing":[0],"to":[1,36,44,68],"the":[2,28,37,78,81,94,99,152],"low":[3],"communication":[4],"costs":[5],"and":[6,63],"privacy-promoting":[7],"capabilities,":[8],"federated":[9],"learning":[10,21],"(FL)":[11],"has":[12],"become":[13],"a":[14,45,49,65,71,89,108,132],"promising":[15],"tool":[16],"for":[17],"training":[18,122],"effective":[19],"machine":[20],"models":[22,32,82],"among":[23],"distributed":[24,29],"clients.":[25],"However,":[26],"with":[27,107,160],"architecture,":[30],"low-quality":[31],"could":[33],"be":[34],"uploaded":[35],"aggregator":[38],"server":[39],"by":[40,84,87,158],"unreliable":[41,59,85],"clients,":[42],"leading":[43],"degradation":[46],"or":[47],"even":[48],"collapse":[50],"of":[51,61,111,120,126,154],"training.":[52],"In":[53,150],"this":[54],"article,":[55],"we":[56,75],"model":[57],"these":[58],"behaviors":[60],"clients":[62,86],"propose":[64],"defensive":[66,134,163],"mechanism":[67],"mitigate":[69],"such":[70],"security":[72],"risk.":[73],"Specifically,":[74],"first":[76],"investigate":[77],"impact":[79],"on":[80,93,98],"caused":[83],"deriving":[88],"convergence":[90,127],"upper":[91],"bound":[92],"loss":[95],"function":[96],"based":[97],"gradient":[100],"descent":[101],"updates.":[102],"Our":[103,143],"bounds":[104],"reveal":[105],"that":[106],"fixed":[109],"amount":[110],"total":[112],"computational":[113],"resources,":[114],"there":[115],"exists":[116],"an":[117],"optimal":[118],"number":[119],"local":[121],"iterations":[123],"in":[124],"terms":[125],"performance.":[128],"We":[129],"further":[130],"design":[131],"novel":[133],"mechanism,":[135],"named":[136],"deep":[137],"neural":[138],"network-based":[139],"secure":[140],"aggregation":[141],"(DeepSA).":[142],"experimental":[144],"results":[145],"validate":[146],"our":[147],"theoretical":[148],"analysis.":[149],"addition,":[151],"effectiveness":[153],"DeepSA":[155],"is":[156],"verified":[157],"comparing":[159],"other":[161],"state-of-the-art":[162],"mechanisms.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}