{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3154310484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3074544","title":"Security Challenges and Opportunities for Smart Contracts in Internet of Things: A Survey","display_name":"Security Challenges and Opportunities for Smart Contracts in Internet of Things: A Survey","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3154310484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3074544","mag":"3154310484"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3074544","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3074544","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101861025","display_name":"Kai Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9910-4237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Geo-Information Processing, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9910-4237","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Geo-Information Processing, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035376982","display_name":"Meijun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7141-6068"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meijun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053579397","display_name":"Haojun Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4154-8529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haojun Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4154-8529","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100337659","display_name":"Chen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1963-4954"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Geo-Information Processing, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1963-4954","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Geo-Information Processing, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003203521","display_name":"Shaohua Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7013-9081"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158934434","display_name":"Zhongnan University of Economics and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/04yqxxq63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158934434"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaohua Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7013-9081","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158934434"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001746807","display_name":"Kim\u2010Kwang Raymond Choo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9208-5336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9208-5336","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":29.9309,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":127,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99732956,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"15","first_page":"12004","last_page":"12020"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pace","display_name":"Pace","score":0.8007849454879761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.7620062828063965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7569488286972046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6828926801681519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.498349666595459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.4467844069004059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.43895500898361206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4387098252773285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.37567582726478577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2514198422431946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.19645452499389648}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691543","display_name":"Pace","level":2,"score":0.8007849454879761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.7620062828063965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7569488286972046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6828926801681519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.498349666595459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.4467844069004059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.43895500898361206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4387098252773285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.37567582726478577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2514198422431946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.19645452499389648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3074544","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3074544","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2077566469","display_name":"\u4f4d\u7f6e\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u57fa\u4e8e\u201c\u65f6-\u7a7a-\u793e\u4ea4\u201d\u5173\u8054\u6027\u7684\u8f68\u8ff9k\u533f\u540d\u5173\u952e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61872416","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2616141538","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62002104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2642264497","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52031009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2656589067","display_name":"\u5f02\u6784\u65e0\u7ebf\u5bc6\u96c6\u7f51\u7edc\u9ad8\u7ef4\u8d44\u6e90\u667a\u80fd\u90e8\u7f72\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62071192","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6495102009","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019CFB191","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322186","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G781080216","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019kfyXJJS017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322186","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":105,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969344535","https://openalex.org/W2058401212","https://openalex.org/W2134295053","https://openalex.org/W2392113277","https://openalex.org/W2497979997","https://openalex.org/W2517744317","https://openalex.org/W2533941064","https://openalex.org/W2538848838","https://openalex.org/W2539190473","https://openalex.org/W2573650873","https://openalex.org/W2596636257","https://openalex.org/W2604096638","https://openalex.org/W2604844934","https://openalex.org/W2620864315","https://openalex.org/W2737252471","https://openalex.org/W2746553616","https://openalex.org/W2754529701","https://openalex.org/W2770675950","https://openalex.org/W2778144710","https://openalex.org/W2787648539","https://openalex.org/W2790202156","https://openalex.org/W2793241364","https://openalex.org/W2794657757","https://openalex.org/W2794825356","https://openalex.org/W2795611379","https://openalex.org/W2796307943","https://openalex.org/W2801661589","https://openalex.org/W2804390587","https://openalex.org/W2805052744","https://openalex.org/W2806370953","https://openalex.org/W2807743655","https://openalex.org/W2809409966","https://openalex.org/W2810375457","https://openalex.org/W2810652557","https://openalex.org/W2811205501","https://openalex.org/W2857842505","https://openalex.org/W2885034081","https://openalex.org/W2887912929","https://openalex.org/W2888707433","https://openalex.org/W2888928288","https://openalex.org/W2889740224","https://openalex.org/W2896464666","https://openalex.org/W2897525439","https://openalex.org/W2899142767","https://openalex.org/W2904005650","https://openalex.org/W2907164519","https://openalex.org/W2909295468","https://openalex.org/W2911193845","https://openalex.org/W2913125079","https://openalex.org/W2914347267","https://openalex.org/W2914735843","https://openalex.org/W2920932783","https://openalex.org/W2922081827","https://openalex.org/W2923488550","https://openalex.org/W2939663913","https://openalex.org/W2941702032","https://openalex.org/W2947523104","https://openalex.org/W2948254976","https://openalex.org/W2950226614","https://openalex.org/W2952214479","https://openalex.org/W2952260178","https://openalex.org/W2953207480","https://openalex.org/W2954107585","https://openalex.org/W2955591483","https://openalex.org/W2955886508","https://openalex.org/W2957347123","https://openalex.org/W2958408931","https://openalex.org/W2960291956","https://openalex.org/W2962740246","https://openalex.org/W2963220038","https://openalex.org/W2963264685","https://openalex.org/W2963465913","https://openalex.org/W2963594166","https://openalex.org/W2963610883","https://openalex.org/W2963983602","https://openalex.org/W2968331131","https://openalex.org/W2968624534","https://openalex.org/W2968976338","https://openalex.org/W2976008907","https://openalex.org/W2979376077","https://openalex.org/W2979602992","https://openalex.org/W2989515460","https://openalex.org/W2989652713","https://openalex.org/W2990117313","https://openalex.org/W2990610789","https://openalex.org/W2995871203","https://openalex.org/W2996699106","https://openalex.org/W2999044410","https://openalex.org/W3004205122","https://openalex.org/W3005847836","https://openalex.org/W3006519733","https://openalex.org/W3011070874","https://openalex.org/W3011692979","https://openalex.org/W3012116073","https://openalex.org/W3013527614","https://openalex.org/W3021581127","https://openalex.org/W3043762149","https://openalex.org/W3100733828","https://openalex.org/W3105452915","https://openalex.org/W3120370876","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4289548059","https://openalex.org/W6749592222","https://openalex.org/W6754519360","https://openalex.org/W6766397444"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2386723501","https://openalex.org/W2387879414","https://openalex.org/W2390304029","https://openalex.org/W2354923724","https://openalex.org/W2146830340","https://openalex.org/W2377101853","https://openalex.org/W2362180844","https://openalex.org/W2105573916","https://openalex.org/W2378405797","https://openalex.org/W4288601434"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0],"contracts,":[1],"one":[2],"of":[3,18,24,31,45,59,79,107],"the":[4,28,32,39,46,77,97,104],"success":[5],"stories":[6],"in":[7,14,50,82],"blockchain":[8],"2.0,":[9],"have":[10],"been":[11],"widely":[12],"utilized":[13],"a":[15,55,93],"broad":[16],"range":[17],"applications,":[19],"including":[20],"those":[21],"involving":[22],"Internet":[23],"Things":[25],"(IoT).":[26],"Given":[27],"fast-pace":[29],"nature":[30],"topic,":[33],"it":[34],"can":[35],"be":[36],"challenging":[37],"for":[38,96],"research":[40,73],"community":[41],"to":[42,100],"keep":[43],"track":[44],"latest":[47],"advances.":[48],"Hence,":[49],"this":[51,88],"article,":[52],"we":[53],"perform":[54],"comprehensive,":[56],"in-depth":[57],"review":[58],"known":[60],"security":[61],"challenges":[62],"(e.g.,":[63],"inherently":[64],"vulnerable":[65],"particularities,":[66],"programming":[67],"vulnerabilities,":[68],"and":[69,71,102],"attacks)":[70],"potential":[72,105],"opportunities":[74],"associated":[75],"with":[76],"deploying":[78],"smart":[80,108],"contracts":[81],"an":[83],"IoT":[84],"setting.":[85],"We":[86],"hope":[87],"survey":[89],"will":[90],"serve":[91],"as":[92],"starting":[94],"point":[95],"readers":[98],"seeking":[99],"understand":[101],"explore":[103],"applications":[106],"contracts.":[109]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-07-18T07:39:51.176621","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}