{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3137410534","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3068148","title":"Empirical Models for NB-IoT Path Loss in an Urban Scenario","display_name":"Empirical Models for NB-IoT Path Loss in an Urban Scenario","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3137410534","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3068148","mag":"3137410534"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3068148","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3068148","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066675574","display_name":"Giuseppe Caso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-5637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153474","display_name":"Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04xtarr15","country_code":"NO","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184531372","https://openalex.org/I2799829267","https://openalex.org/I4210153474"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Caso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Simula Metropolitan CDE, Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-5637","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Simula Metropolitan CDE, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153474"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053356383","display_name":"\u00d6zg\u00fc Alay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5800-2779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153474","display_name":"Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04xtarr15","country_code":"NO","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184531372","https://openalex.org/I2799829267","https://openalex.org/I4210153474"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ozgu Alay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway","Simula Metropolitan CDE, Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5800-2779","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Simula Metropolitan CDE, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153474"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052378272","display_name":"Luca De Nardis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9286-8744"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca De Nardis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9286-8744","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004876884","display_name":"Anna Brunstr\u00f6m","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7311-9334"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43968019","display_name":"Karlstad University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s754026","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43968019"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Brunstrom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7311-9334","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43968019"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075978686","display_name":"Marco Neri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0603-889X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Neri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rohde & Schwarz, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0603-889X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rohde & Schwarz, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062526081","display_name":"Maria\u2010Gabriella Di Benedetto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1523-5083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153474","display_name":"Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04xtarr15","country_code":"NO","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184531372","https://openalex.org/I2799829267","https://openalex.org/I4210153474"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria-Gabriella Di Benedetto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Simula Metropolitan CDE, Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1523-5083","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Simula Metropolitan CDE, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153474"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1636,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87542701,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"17","first_page":"13774","last_page":"13788"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7762671709060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path-loss","display_name":"Path loss","score":0.6164928674697876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narrowband","display_name":"Narrowband","score":0.6107754707336426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.5976755023002625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-measure","display_name":"Empirical measure","score":0.5413252711296082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5210213661193848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.514320969581604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5005402565002441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-computing","display_name":"Urban computing","score":0.4333774149417877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3351548910140991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2998722791671753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.1833954155445099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.173794686794281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.15499228239059448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14858132600784302}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7762671709060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194273485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478845","display_name":"Path loss","level":3,"score":0.6164928674697876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776096036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140483","display_name":"Narrowband","level":2,"score":0.6107754707336426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5976755023002625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206654554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5374247","display_name":"Empirical measure","level":2,"score":0.5413252711296082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5210213661193848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.514320969581604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5005402565002441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778459138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7900107","display_name":"Urban computing","level":2,"score":0.4333774149417877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3351548910140991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2998722791671753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.1833954155445099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.173794686794281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.15499228239059448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14858132600784302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3068148","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3068148","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.uniroma1.it:11573/1530640","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11573/1530640","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196107","display_name":"IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5400000214576721}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1664061557","https://openalex.org/W1990701202","https://openalex.org/W2010043948","https://openalex.org/W2062560768","https://openalex.org/W2062915837","https://openalex.org/W2110618891","https://openalex.org/W2119792344","https://openalex.org/W2129585737","https://openalex.org/W2139573794","https://openalex.org/W2140452629","https://openalex.org/W2143372702","https://openalex.org/W2145417574","https://openalex.org/W2165422409","https://openalex.org/W2169771611","https://openalex.org/W2249053460","https://openalex.org/W2275969031","https://openalex.org/W2565270582","https://openalex.org/W2592123986","https://openalex.org/W2596324967","https://openalex.org/W2605111905","https://openalex.org/W2741981612","https://openalex.org/W2774912636","https://openalex.org/W2785908240","https://openalex.org/W2793121051","https://openalex.org/W2801342999","https://openalex.org/W2810583452","https://openalex.org/W2893265154","https://openalex.org/W2903076712","https://openalex.org/W2924595251","https://openalex.org/W2962371977","https://openalex.org/W2962691290","https://openalex.org/W2980364834","https://openalex.org/W2986119534","https://openalex.org/W2993399317","https://openalex.org/W3006846281","https://openalex.org/W3038808148","https://openalex.org/W3091923493","https://openalex.org/W3104912275","https://openalex.org/W3119872661","https://openalex.org/W3125029574","https://openalex.org/W6637029157","https://openalex.org/W7025242329","https://openalex.org/W7042231452"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2132687327","https://openalex.org/W2806213293","https://openalex.org/W2143089067","https://openalex.org/W1964845213","https://openalex.org/W2111059075","https://openalex.org/W3167658271","https://openalex.org/W2119214149","https://openalex.org/W2915021495","https://openalex.org/W3113501117","https://openalex.org/W3137410534"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,155],"lack":[1],"of":[2,11,19,55,65,74,176],"publicly":[3],"available":[4,40],"large-scale":[5,59],"measurements":[6,149],"has":[7],"hindered":[8],"the":[9,63,70,82,106,129,145,159,165,181],"derivation":[10],"empirical":[12,72],"path-loss":[13],"(PL)":[14],"models":[15,28,157],"for":[16,30],"Narrowband":[17],"Internet":[18],"Things":[20],"(NB-IoT).":[21],"Therefore,":[22],"simulation-based":[23],"investigations":[24],"currently":[25,167],"rely":[26],"on":[27,144],"conceived":[29],"other":[31],"cellular":[32],"technologies,":[33],"which":[34],"are":[35,109,120],"characterized,":[36],"however,":[37],"by":[38,184],"different":[39],"bandwidth,":[41],"carrier":[42],"frequency,":[43],"and":[44,90,136],"infrastructure":[45],"deployment,":[46],"among":[47],"others.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50],"article,":[51],"we":[52,86,99,127,140],"take":[53],"advantage":[54],"data":[56],"from":[57,123],"a":[58,101,113],"measurement":[60],"campaign":[61],"in":[62,77,169],"city":[64],"Oslo,":[66],"Norway,":[67],"to":[68,112,151,164,180],"provide":[69],"first":[71],"characterization":[73],"NB-IoT":[75,97,170],"PL":[76,83,103,130,160],"an":[78],"urban":[79,177],"scenario.":[80],"For":[81],"average":[84],"term,":[85],"characterize":[87],"Alpha-Beta-Gamma":[88],"(ABG)":[89],"Close-In":[91],"(CI)":[92],"models.":[93],"By":[94],"analyzing":[95],"multiple":[96],"cells,":[98,118],"propose":[100],"statistical":[102],"characterization,":[104],"i.e.,":[105],"model":[107],"parameters":[108],"not":[110],"set":[111],"single":[114],"constant":[115],"value":[116],"across":[117],"but":[119],"randomly":[121],"extracted":[122],"well-known":[124],"distributions.":[125],"Similarly,":[126],"define":[128],"shadowing":[131],"distribution,":[132],"correlation":[133],"over":[134],"distance,":[135],"intersite":[137],"correlation.":[138],"Finally,":[139],"give":[141],"initial":[142],"insights":[143],"outdoor-to-indoor":[146],"propagation,":[147],"using":[148],"up":[150],"deep":[152],"indoor":[153],"scenarios.":[154],"proposed":[156],"improve":[158],"estimation":[161],"accuracy":[162],"compared":[163],"ones":[166],"adopted":[168],"investigations,":[171],"enabling":[172],"more":[173],"realistic":[174],"simulations":[175],"scenarios":[178],"similar":[179],"sites":[182],"covered":[183],"our":[185],"measurements.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
