{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3136449072","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3067667","title":"Toward Detection and Attribution of Cyber-Attacks in IoT-Enabled Cyber\u2013Physical Systems","display_name":"Toward Detection and Attribution of Cyber-Attacks in IoT-Enabled Cyber\u2013Physical Systems","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3136449072","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3067667","mag":"3136449072"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3067667","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3067667","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074265025","display_name":"Amir Namavar Jahromi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9709-5872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79817857","display_name":"University of Guelph","ror":"https://ror.org/01r7awg59","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Namavar Jahromi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9709-5872","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102945288","display_name":"Hadis Karimipour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7948-4033"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79817857","display_name":"University of Guelph","ror":"https://ror.org/01r7awg59","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hadis Karimipour","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7948-4033","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038019914","display_name":"Ali Dehghantanha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9294-7554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79817857","display_name":"University of Guelph","ror":"https://ror.org/01r7awg59","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Dehghantanha","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9294-7554","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001746807","display_name":"Kim\u2010Kwang Raymond Choo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9208-5336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170239107","display_name":"University of South Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/01p93h210","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["AU","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo","raw_affiliation_strings":["UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia","University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9208-5336","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.7509,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":122,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99268173,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"17","first_page":"13712","last_page":"13722"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8263300657272339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.7607679963111877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.5569479465484619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.491359144449234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.49030616879463196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48548272252082825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.460053414106369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attack-model","display_name":"Attack model","score":0.455533504486084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.4235078692436218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4151155650615692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.34251055121421814}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8263300657272339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.7607679963111877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.5569479465484619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.491359144449234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.49030616879463196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48548272252082825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.460053414106369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65856478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3991682","display_name":"Attack model","level":2,"score":0.455533504486084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.4235078692436218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4151155650615692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34251055121421814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3067667","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3067667","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5024627372","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HRD-1736209","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W14214433","https://openalex.org/W1967158716","https://openalex.org/W2089468765","https://openalex.org/W2109722477","https://openalex.org/W2163922914","https://openalex.org/W2295637543","https://openalex.org/W2341183948","https://openalex.org/W2520381575","https://openalex.org/W2755148105","https://openalex.org/W2768947629","https://openalex.org/W2770337116","https://openalex.org/W2796215551","https://openalex.org/W2797025128","https://openalex.org/W2896370767","https://openalex.org/W2897782364","https://openalex.org/W2910314742","https://openalex.org/W2914662937","https://openalex.org/W2940895343","https://openalex.org/W2948143530","https://openalex.org/W2959428502","https://openalex.org/W2966416799","https://openalex.org/W3011211990","https://openalex.org/W3022318665","https://openalex.org/W3022437389","https://openalex.org/W3035727237","https://openalex.org/W6600554218","https://openalex.org/W6777082615"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4245926026","https://openalex.org/W3004173571","https://openalex.org/W4311097251","https://openalex.org/W2586548817","https://openalex.org/W2625093826","https://openalex.org/W4200598720","https://openalex.org/W2921026492","https://openalex.org/W2358245908","https://openalex.org/W2984841587","https://openalex.org/W4391020672"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Securing":[0],"Internet-of-Things":[1],"(IoT)-enabled":[2],"cyber-physical":[3],"systems":[4,18],"(CPS)":[5],"can":[6],"be":[7,21],"challenging,":[8],"as":[9,22],"security":[10],"solutions":[11],"developed":[12,68],"for":[13,41,69],"general":[14],"information/operational":[15],"technology":[16],"(IT/OT)":[17],"may":[19],"not":[20],"effective":[23],"in":[24,46,99],"a":[25,32,56,61],"CPS":[26],"setting.":[27],"Thus,":[28],"this":[29],"article":[30],"presents":[31],"two-level":[33],"ensemble":[34,63,80],"attack":[35,88],"detection":[36],"and":[37,43,102],"attribution":[38],"framework":[39],"designed":[40,85],"CPS,":[42],"more":[44],"specifically":[45],"an":[47,79],"industrial":[48],"control":[49],"system":[50],"(ICS).":[51],"At":[52,75],"the":[53,76,109],"first":[54],"level,":[55,78],"decision":[57],"tree":[58],"combined":[59],"with":[60,116],"novel":[62],"deep":[64,81],"representation-learning":[65],"model":[66,92,111],"is":[67,84,93],"detecting":[70],"attacks":[71],"imbalanced":[72],"ICS":[73],"environments.":[74],"second":[77],"neural":[82],"network":[83],"to":[86],"facilitate":[87],"attribution.":[89],"The":[90],"proposed":[91,110],"evaluated":[94],"using":[95],"real-world":[96],"data":[97],"sets":[98],"gas":[100],"pipeline":[101],"water":[103],"treatment":[104],"system.":[105],"Findings":[106],"demonstrate":[107],"that":[108],"outperforms":[112],"other":[113],"competing":[114],"approaches":[115],"similar":[117],"computational":[118],"complexity.":[119]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}