{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3130108574","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3058638","title":"Privacy-Preserving Deep Learning Based on Multiparty Secure Computation: A Survey","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Deep Learning Based on Multiparty Secure Computation: A Survey","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3130108574","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3058638","mag":"3130108574"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3058638","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3058638","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100357529","display_name":"Qiao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7752-0528"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cybersecurity and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7752-0528","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074327315","display_name":"Chunsheng Xin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5575-2849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunsheng Xin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cybersecurity and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5575-2849","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101816294","display_name":"Hongyi Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6112-9313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyi Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cybersecurity and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1205,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92642905,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"13","first_page":"10412","last_page":"10429"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8721199035644531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secure-multi-party-computation","display_name":"Secure multi-party computation","score":0.6696960926055908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5702534914016724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4753177762031555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.4472799301147461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41030001640319824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3910457193851471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3632294535636902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3169138431549072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.22352120280265808}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8721199035644531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18396474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2465888","display_name":"Secure multi-party computation","level":3,"score":0.6696960926055908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5702534914016724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4753177762031555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.4472799301147461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41030001640319824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3910457193851471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3632294535636902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3169138431549072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.22352120280265808}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3058638","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3058638","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1373113101","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"OAC-1829771","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4175844549","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EEC-1840458","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G467013938","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-20-1-2065","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6306557129","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1950704","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7281131780","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1828593","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":195,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9657784","https://openalex.org/W56544557","https://openalex.org/W107524893","https://openalex.org/W173953576","https://openalex.org/W780859780","https://openalex.org/W1524288918","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1798609567","https://openalex.org/W1826277484","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1873763122","https://openalex.org/W1936753088","https://openalex.org/W1966731635","https://openalex.org/W2013623332","https://openalex.org/W2019891719","https://openalex.org/W2027471022","https://openalex.org/W2027595342","https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2031611173","https://openalex.org/W2031738616","https://openalex.org/W2033961328","https://openalex.org/W2036329595","https://openalex.org/W2039605106","https://openalex.org/W2043670592","https://openalex.org/W2051267297","https://openalex.org/W2071480942","https://openalex.org/W2088492763","https://openalex.org/W2091432990","https://openalex.org/W2092422002","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2098727156","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2108834246","https://openalex.org/W2109426455","https://openalex.org/W2119144962","https://openalex.org/W2119180312","https://openalex.org/W2120248756","https://openalex.org/W2120315802","https://openalex.org/W2120513799","https://openalex.org/W2132172731","https://openalex.org/W2134340933","https://openalex.org/W2141420453","https://openalex.org/W2147768505","https://openalex.org/W2154579312","https://openalex.org/W2155893237","https://openalex.org/W2160815625","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2167372639","https://openalex.org/W2177209050","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2226167778","https://openalex.org/W2285660444","https://openalex.org/W2293406635","https://openalex.org/W2294710185","https://openalex.org/W2296362039","https://openalex.org/W2402144811","https://openalex.org/W2435473771","https://openalex.org/W2461943168","https://openalex.org/W2484015479","https://openalex.org/W2521311836","https://openalex.org/W2535690855","https://openalex.org/W2536058570","https://openalex.org/W2563313883","https://openalex.org/W2577421826","https://openalex.org/W2585580772","https://openalex.org/W2587789887","https://openalex.org/W2593994116","https://openalex.org/W2606774910","https://openalex.org/W2620512600","https://openalex.org/W2701059868","https://openalex.org/W2704367133","https://openalex.org/W2732477316","https://openalex.org/W2744999500","https://openalex.org/W2757528734","https://openalex.org/W2765200655","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2793031414","https://openalex.org/W2793398195","https://openalex.org/W2799040448","https://openalex.org/W2800017313","https://openalex.org/W2801491268","https://openalex.org/W2803418695","https://openalex.org/W2805074088","https://openalex.org/W2808540773","https://openalex.org/W2808706611","https://openalex.org/W2811323882","https://openalex.org/W2815313157","https://openalex.org/W2883778034","https://openalex.org/W2884283597","https://openalex.org/W2889224812","https://openalex.org/W2889746123","https://openalex.org/W2896550391","https://openalex.org/W2896693749","https://openalex.org/W2897350321","https://openalex.org/W2897925395","https://openalex.org/W2898730285","https://openalex.org/W2900319533","https://openalex.org/W2901469102","https://openalex.org/W2903850320","https://openalex.org/W2907842073","https://openalex.org/W2917560727","https://openalex.org/W2929650703","https://openalex.org/W2940691483","https://openalex.org/W2947072673","https://openalex.org/W2949117887","https://openalex.org/W2950460048","https://openalex.org/W2953384591","https://openalex.org/W2962867198","https://openalex.org/W2963106566","https://openalex.org/W2963178695","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963674932","https://openalex.org/W2963733194","https://openalex.org/W2963750162","https://openalex.org/W2963752132","https://openalex.org/W2964248614","https://openalex.org/W2964261135","https://openalex.org/W2964299589","https://openalex.org/W2964318098","https://openalex.org/W2965929808","https://openalex.org/W2973184165","https://openalex.org/W2976482555","https://openalex.org/W2984213223","https://openalex.org/W2984644945","https://openalex.org/W2985527074","https://openalex.org/W2987932087","https://openalex.org/W2993032149","https://openalex.org/W2994111940","https://openalex.org/W3001768830","https://openalex.org/W3007566156","https://openalex.org/W3008493372","https://openalex.org/W3012235108","https://openalex.org/W3012561096","https://openalex.org/W3013361954","https://openalex.org/W3016063723","https://openalex.org/W3016648217","https://openalex.org/W3016832937","https://openalex.org/W3018763859","https://openalex.org/W3021878953","https://openalex.org/W3022737994","https://openalex.org/W3023271296","https://openalex.org/W3028290818","https://openalex.org/W3028867652","https://openalex.org/W3029001590","https://openalex.org/W3030921821","https://openalex.org/W3031028658","https://openalex.org/W3033700072","https://openalex.org/W3034162411","https://openalex.org/W3034945632","https://openalex.org/W3035046450","https://openalex.org/W3035490021","https://openalex.org/W3036001318","https://openalex.org/W3036004930","https://openalex.org/W3042006926","https://openalex.org/W3043109666","https://openalex.org/W3044448484","https://openalex.org/W3045303630","https://openalex.org/W3048126002","https://openalex.org/W3092440493","https://openalex.org/W3093021001","https://openalex.org/W3103836116","https://openalex.org/W3104454153","https://openalex.org/W3108146280","https://openalex.org/W3108672920","https://openalex.org/W3116767319","https://openalex.org/W3141585064","https://openalex.org/W3149291386","https://openalex.org/W3152564856","https://openalex.org/W3157477139","https://openalex.org/W3217629331","https://openalex.org/W3217809002","https://openalex.org/W4205228770","https://openalex.org/W4205366980","https://openalex.org/W4287714351","https://openalex.org/W4297952240","https://openalex.org/W6631325483","https://openalex.org/W6639246211","https://openalex.org/W6682751323","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6713134421","https://openalex.org/W6732586565","https://openalex.org/W6734345789","https://openalex.org/W6748082217","https://openalex.org/W6749823586","https://openalex.org/W6753342801","https://openalex.org/W6753968393","https://openalex.org/W6756284073","https://openalex.org/W6760122430","https://openalex.org/W6772824072","https://openalex.org/W6775002375","https://openalex.org/W6776626371","https://openalex.org/W6776906142","https://openalex.org/W6778434676","https://openalex.org/W6778579449","https://openalex.org/W6806465348"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W4231775656","https://openalex.org/W2611989081","https://openalex.org/W2046435967","https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W2069340834","https://openalex.org/W2550686250","https://openalex.org/W2083288298","https://openalex.org/W2607129240","https://openalex.org/W2054224598"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning":[1],"(DL)":[2],"has":[3],"demonstrated":[4],"superior":[5],"success":[6],"in":[7,124,179,194,221],"various":[8],"of":[9,24,64,100,114,227],"applications,":[10],"such":[11,44,61,74,132],"as":[12,47,75,133,160,167],"image":[13],"classification,":[14],"speech":[15],"recognition,":[16],"and":[17,35,59,80,136,153,190,198,211,240],"anomalous":[18],"detection.":[19],"The":[20],"unprecedented":[21],"performance":[22],"gain":[23],"DL":[25,145,181],"largely":[26],"depends":[27],"on":[28,183],"tremendous":[29],"training":[30,49,108,196],"data,":[31],"high-performance":[32],"computation":[33,87,122,186],"resources,":[34],"well-designed":[36],"model":[37,102,115,154],"structures.":[38],"However,":[39],"privacy":[40],"concerns":[41],"raise":[42],"from":[43],"necessities.":[45],"First,":[46],"the":[48,68,105,111,140,176,204,209,216],"data":[50,65,109,149,188],"are":[51,215],"usually":[52],"distributed":[53],"among":[54],"multiple":[55],"parties,":[56],"directly":[57],"exposing":[58],"collecting":[60],"large":[62],"amount":[63],"could":[66],"violate":[67],"laws":[69],"especially":[70],"for":[71,91,245],"private":[72,151],"information,":[73],"personal":[76],"identities,":[77],"medical":[78],"records,":[79],"financial":[81],"profiles.":[82],"Second,":[83],"locally":[84],"deploying":[85],"advantageous":[86],"resources":[88],"is":[89,158,165],"costly":[90],"individual":[92,118],"party":[93,119],"having":[94],"partial":[95],"data.":[96],"Third,":[97],"direct":[98],"release":[99],"well-trained":[101],"parameters":[103,157],"threatens":[104],"information":[106,152],"about":[107],"or":[110],"intellectual":[112],"property":[113],"owners.":[116],"Therefore,":[117],"prefers":[120],"outsourcing":[121],"(data)":[123],"a":[125,224],"secure":[126,185],"way":[127],"to":[128,138,143,208,237],"powerful":[129],"cloud":[130,141],"servers":[131,142],"Microsoft":[134],"Azure,":[135],"how":[137],"enable":[139],"perform":[144],"algorithms":[146],"without":[147],"revealing":[148],"owners’":[150,155],"valuable":[156],"emerging":[159],"an":[161],"urgent":[162],"task,":[163],"which":[164,214],"termed":[166],"privacy-preserving":[168,180],"(outsourcing)":[169],"DL.":[170,222],"In":[171],"this":[172],"article,":[173],"we":[174,202,231],"review":[175],"state-of-the-art":[177],"researches":[178],"based":[182],"multiparty":[184],"with":[187,206],"encryption":[189],"summarize":[191],"these":[192],"techniques":[193,205],"both":[195],"phase":[197],"inference":[199],"phase.":[200],"Specifically,":[201],"categorize":[203],"respect":[207],"linear":[210],"nonlinear":[212],"computations,":[213],"two":[217],"basic":[218],"building":[219],"blocks":[220],"Following":[223],"comprehensive":[225],"overview":[226],"each":[228],"research":[229],"scheme,":[230],"present":[232],"primary":[233],"technical":[234],"hurdles":[235],"needed":[236],"be":[238],"addressed":[239],"discuss":[241],"several":[242],"promising":[243],"directions":[244],"future":[246],"research.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T15:57:00.446498","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}