{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3128246765","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3058015","title":"High-Throughput, Area-Efficient, and Variation-Tolerant 3-D In-Memory Compute System for Deep Convolutional Neural Networks","display_name":"High-Throughput, Area-Efficient, and Variation-Tolerant 3-D In-Memory Compute System for Deep Convolutional Neural Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3128246765","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3058015","mag":"3128246765"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3058015","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3058015","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/200432","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027526606","display_name":"Hasita Veluri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0549-8341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hasita Veluri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049887447","display_name":"Yida Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5675-582X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yida Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next-Generation communications, Ministry of Education, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next-Generation communications, Ministry of Education, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080376218","display_name":"Jessie Xuhua Niu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jessie Xuhua Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048910582","display_name":"Evgeny Zamburg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4672-2813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evgeny Zamburg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050315289","display_name":"Aaron Thean","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2418-6404"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aaron Voon-Yew Thean","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027526606"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.82,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84842028,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"11","first_page":"9219","last_page":"9232"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7804009318351746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.62446129322052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6042789816856384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.5902806520462036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4134746193885803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-science","display_name":"Computational science","score":0.3521195650100708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3495117425918579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.185212641954422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.12302711606025696}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7804009318351746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.62446129322052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6042789816856384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.5902806520462036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4134746193885803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.3521195650100708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3495117425918579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.185212641954422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.12302711606025696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3058015","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3058015","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarbank.nus.edu.sg:10635/200432","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/200432","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052290","display_name":"National University of Singapore","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarbank.nus.edu.sg:10635/200432","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/200432","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052290","display_name":"National University of Singapore","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2586513376","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-RSS2015-003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3065813231","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"A1892b0026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334744","funder_display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320698","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334744","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1479900452","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1963499315","https://openalex.org/W1976075132","https://openalex.org/W1980446076","https://openalex.org/W2003942425","https://openalex.org/W2014402164","https://openalex.org/W2036899386","https://openalex.org/W2040800721","https://openalex.org/W2048266589","https://openalex.org/W2058066847","https://openalex.org/W2080451019","https://openalex.org/W2105102111","https://openalex.org/W2112181056","https://openalex.org/W2138057160","https://openalex.org/W2155589054","https://openalex.org/W2157061035","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2164819109","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2319542177","https://openalex.org/W2399958287","https://openalex.org/W2508602506","https://openalex.org/W2518281301","https://openalex.org/W2524326635","https://openalex.org/W2554279936","https://openalex.org/W2558302290","https://openalex.org/W2573121834","https://openalex.org/W2583553621","https://openalex.org/W2587921983","https://openalex.org/W2592515961","https://openalex.org/W2593197369","https://openalex.org/W2613989746","https://openalex.org/W2621466894","https://openalex.org/W2744630688","https://openalex.org/W2762541330","https://openalex.org/W2778935320","https://openalex.org/W2782791387","https://openalex.org/W2803163155","https://openalex.org/W2805362231","https://openalex.org/W2809171749","https://openalex.org/W2883084140","https://openalex.org/W2884956821","https://openalex.org/W2898994846","https://openalex.org/W2899486927","https://openalex.org/W2899868573","https://openalex.org/W2920242713","https://openalex.org/W2925935411","https://openalex.org/W2960778947","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W2972686555","https://openalex.org/W3015724253","https://openalex.org/W3090198137","https://openalex.org/W4234604932","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6682991608","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6733004537","https://openalex.org/W6733734122","https://openalex.org/W6739533052"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W2136583354","https://openalex.org/W2111238207","https://openalex.org/W4321487865","https://openalex.org/W2760721665","https://openalex.org/W4313906399","https://openalex.org/W4239306820","https://openalex.org/W4391266461","https://openalex.org/W2590798552","https://openalex.org/W2811106690"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Untethered":[0],"computing":[1,77],"using":[2],"deep":[3],"convolutional":[4],"neural":[5],"networks":[6],"(DCNNs)":[7],"at":[8,114],"the":[9,35,115,120,141,145,159],"edge":[10],"of":[11,38,119,140,161],"IoT":[12],"with":[13,79,144],"limited":[14],"resources":[15],"requires":[16],"systems":[17,40],"that":[18,56,182],"are":[19,183],"exceedingly":[20],"power":[21],"and":[22,41,61,104,127,137,187],"area-efficient.":[23],"Analog":[24],"in-memory":[25,76,86,147],"matrix-matrix":[26],"multiplications":[27],"enabled":[28],"by":[29,72],"emerging":[30],"memories":[31],"can":[32],"significantly":[33],"reduce":[34,108],"energy":[36],"budget":[37],"such":[39],"result":[42],"in":[43],"compact":[44],"accelerators.":[45,68],"In":[46],"this":[47,71],"article,":[48],"we":[49],"report":[50],"a":[51,74,80,97,123,175],"high-throughput":[52],"RRAM-based":[53,179],"DCNN":[54],"processor":[55],"boasts":[57],"7.12\u00d7":[58],"area-efficiency":[59],"(AE)":[60],"6.52\u00d7":[62],"power-efficiency":[63],"(PE)":[64],"enhancements":[65],"over":[66],"state-of-the-art":[67],"We":[69],"achieve":[70],"coupling":[73],"novel":[75],"methodology":[78],"staggered-3D":[81],"memristor":[82],"array.":[83],"Our":[84],"variation-tolerant":[85],"compute":[87],"method,":[88],"which":[89],"performs":[90],"operations":[91,103,130],"on":[92],"signed":[93],"floating-point":[94],"numbers":[95],"within":[96],"single":[98],"array,":[99],"leverages":[100],"charge":[101],"domain":[102],"conductance":[105],"discretization":[106],"to":[107,131,153,166],"peripheral":[109],"overheads.":[110],"Voltage":[111],"pulses":[112],"applied":[113],"staggered":[116],"bottom":[117],"electrodes":[118],"3D-array":[121],"generate":[122],"concurrent":[124],"input":[125,162],"shift":[126],"parallelize":[128],"convolution":[129],"boost":[132],"throughput.":[133],"The":[134],"high":[135],"density":[136],"low":[138,185,188],"footprint":[139],"3D-array,":[142],"along":[143],"modified":[146],"M2M":[148],"execution,":[149],"improve":[150],"peak":[151],"AE":[152],"9.1TOPsmm":[154],"<sup":[155,168],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[156,169],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">-2</sup>":[157],"while":[158],"elimination":[160],"regeneration":[163],"improves":[164],"PE":[165],"10.6TOPsW":[167],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">-1</sup>":[170],".":[171],"This":[172],"work":[173],"provides":[174],"path":[176],"towards":[177],"infallible":[178],"hardware":[180],"accelerators":[181],"fast,":[184],"power,":[186],"area.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2021-02-15T00:00:00"}