{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3103569032","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.3038378","title":"Intelligent Agents to Improve Thermal Satisfaction by Controlling Personal Comfort Systems Under Different Levels of Automation","display_name":"Intelligent Agents to Improve Thermal Satisfaction by Controlling Personal Comfort Systems Under Different Levels of Automation","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3103569032","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.3038378","mag":"3103569032"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2020.3038378","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.3038378","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005997696","display_name":"Ashrant Aryal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4610-1539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashrant Aryal","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065298939","display_name":"Bur\u00e7in Becerik-Gerber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8648-0989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Burcin Becerik-Gerber","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084733331","display_name":"Gale Lucas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3089-9283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087747","display_name":"Creative Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/001qkb777","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087747"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gale M. Lucas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, Playa Vista, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, Playa Vista, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212","https://openalex.org/I4210087747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000165610","display_name":"Shawn C. Roll","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4202-396X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shawn C. Roll","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.682,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89407752,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"8","first_page":"7089","last_page":"7100"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12256","display_name":"Facilities and Workplace Management","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10990","display_name":"Infection Control and Ventilation","score":0.9465000033378601,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hvac","display_name":"HVAC","score":0.896493136882782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-comfort","display_name":"Thermal comfort","score":0.7293975949287415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.7021344900131226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/building-automation","display_name":"Building automation","score":0.6911593079566956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.665442168712616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.5111601948738098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.45847442746162415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-conditioning","display_name":"Air conditioning","score":0.4410623610019684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/home-automation","display_name":"Home automation","score":0.41921624541282654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.402751088142395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architectural-engineering","display_name":"Architectural engineering","score":0.36992815136909485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.36237382888793945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3341246247291565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18108633160591125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15683206915855408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14256995916366577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.07733458280563354}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122346748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1798773","display_name":"HVAC","level":3,"score":0.896493136882782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133913538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q774514","display_name":"Thermal comfort","level":2,"score":0.7293975949287415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.7021344900131226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83931994","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149653","display_name":"Building automation","level":2,"score":0.6911593079566956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.665442168712616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.5111601948738098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.45847442746162415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103742991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173725","display_name":"Air conditioning","level":2,"score":0.4410623610019684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C507571656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848436","display_name":"Home automation","level":2,"score":0.41921624541282654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.402751088142395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.36992815136909485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.36237382888793945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3341246247291565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18108633160591125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15683206915855408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14256995916366577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.07733458280563354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2020.3038378","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.3038378","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8500000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7858270342","display_name":"GOALI: Coadaptation of Intelligent Office Desks and Human Users to Promote Worker Productivity, Health and Wellness","funder_award_id":"1763134","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1628021677","https://openalex.org/W1967725657","https://openalex.org/W1991680538","https://openalex.org/W2000720473","https://openalex.org/W2004831426","https://openalex.org/W2009991987","https://openalex.org/W2021177478","https://openalex.org/W2024569874","https://openalex.org/W2031327648","https://openalex.org/W2039625748","https://openalex.org/W2073700017","https://openalex.org/W2090946717","https://openalex.org/W2098908500","https://openalex.org/W2101108516","https://openalex.org/W2122502237","https://openalex.org/W2126849655","https://openalex.org/W2134642574","https://openalex.org/W2137332003","https://openalex.org/W2145474810","https://openalex.org/W2148161811","https://openalex.org/W2161425364","https://openalex.org/W2166681263","https://openalex.org/W2192201333","https://openalex.org/W2296106051","https://openalex.org/W2346141405","https://openalex.org/W2411729288","https://openalex.org/W2568808500","https://openalex.org/W2590817293","https://openalex.org/W2604637335","https://openalex.org/W2623293810","https://openalex.org/W2763988619","https://openalex.org/W2774931648","https://openalex.org/W2783850388","https://openalex.org/W2790123320","https://openalex.org/W2809994547","https://openalex.org/W2817357254","https://openalex.org/W2887081623","https://openalex.org/W2887393145","https://openalex.org/W2897679627","https://openalex.org/W2908557613","https://openalex.org/W2912831070","https://openalex.org/W2944228011","https://openalex.org/W2950343382","https://openalex.org/W2951576731","https://openalex.org/W2969321203","https://openalex.org/W2972238369","https://openalex.org/W3023669592","https://openalex.org/W3088977777","https://openalex.org/W3104010555","https://openalex.org/W6752719897","https://openalex.org/W6755802809"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2357294886","https://openalex.org/W3038059713","https://openalex.org/W4281749375","https://openalex.org/W2079922090","https://openalex.org/W2017084161","https://openalex.org/W4388647520","https://openalex.org/W3046823714","https://openalex.org/W2348218441","https://openalex.org/W3021806226","https://openalex.org/W2299132841"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Heating,":[0],"ventilation,":[1],"and":[2,76,104,116,130,141,158,171],"air":[3],"conditioning":[4],"(HVAC)":[5],"systems":[6,55],"account":[7],"for":[8,30],"43%":[9],"of":[10,17,60,71,118,148,175,193,205],"building":[11,19],"energy":[12],"consumption,":[13],"yet":[14],"only":[15],"38%":[16],"commercial":[18],"occupants":[20],"are":[21,34],"satisfied":[22],"with":[23,186,216],"the":[24,46,50,61,86,114,132,159,191,199,202,206,217],"thermal":[25,47,62,133,218],"environment.":[26,219],"The":[27],"primary":[28],"reasons":[29],"low":[31],"occupant":[32,41,127,169,179,214],"satisfaction":[33,170,180,215],"that":[35,124,165],"HVAC":[36],"operations":[37],"do":[38],"not":[39],"integrate":[40],"comfort":[42,54,128],"requirements":[43,129],"nor":[44],"control":[45,59,70,84,151,203],"environment":[48,63,134],"at":[49],"individual":[51,126],"level.":[52],"Personal":[53],"(PCSs)":[56],"enable":[57],"local":[58,139],"around":[64],"each":[65],"occupant.":[66],"However,":[67],"full":[68],"manual":[69,103],"PCS":[72,79,136,166],"can":[73,89,177],"be":[74],"inefficient,":[75],"fully":[77,102,105],"automated":[78,106],"reduces":[80],"an":[81,119,155],"occupant's":[82],"perceived":[83],"over":[85],"environment,":[87],"which":[88],"then":[90],"lead":[91],"to":[92,212],"lower":[93],"satisfaction.":[94],"A":[95],"better":[96],"solution":[97],"might":[98],"lie":[99],"somewhere":[100],"between":[101,154],"environmental":[107],"control.":[108],"In":[109],"this":[110],"article,":[111],"we":[112],"describe":[113],"development":[115],"implementation":[117],"Internet-of-Things":[120],"(IoT)-based":[121],"intelligent":[122,156,207],"agent":[123,157,208],"learns":[125],"controls":[131],"using":[135],"(i.e.,":[137],"a":[138,142],"fan":[140],"heater).":[143],"We":[144],"tested":[145],"different":[146],"levels":[147,192],"automation":[149,176,194],"where":[150,198],"is":[152,184],"shared":[153],"end":[160],"user.":[161],"Our":[162],"results":[163],"show":[164],"use":[167],"improves":[168],"including":[172],"some":[173],"level":[174],"improve":[178],"further":[181],"than":[182],"what":[183],"possible":[185],"manually":[187],"operated":[188],"PCS.":[189],"Among":[190],"investigated,":[195],"inquisitive":[196],"automation,":[197],"user":[200],"approves/declines":[201],"actions":[204],"before":[209],"execution,":[210],"led":[211],"highest":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-13T07:04:57.449891","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
