{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3105920057","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.3037074","title":"Improving GPS Code Phase Positioning Accuracy in Urban Environments Using Machine Learning","display_name":"Improving GPS Code Phase Positioning Accuracy in Urban Environments Using Machine Learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3105920057","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.3037074","mag":"3105920057"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2020.3037074","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.3037074","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056674547","display_name":"Rui Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2252-9944"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149087","display_name":"Xi'an Railway Survey and Design Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04emf4852","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149087"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rui Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Research Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Xi\u2019an, China","State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering, Xi'an Research Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Research Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149087"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering, Xi'an Research Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100644041","display_name":"Guanyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4774-1872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guanyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101762061","display_name":"Qi Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1918-6576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082697711","display_name":"Linxia Fu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linxia Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102807382","display_name":"Kai\u2010Wei Chiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0884-7575"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91807558","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8kcc49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai-Wei Chiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044957601","display_name":"Li\u2010Ta Hsu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0352-741X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li-Ta Hsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Division of Aeronautical and Aviation Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Division of Aeronautical and Aviation Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031769699","display_name":"Washington Y. Ochieng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6762-8746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Washington Yotto Ochieng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London, London, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056674547"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149087","https://openalex.org/I9842412"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":73.252,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":103,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99831396,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"8","first_page":"7065","last_page":"7078"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudorange","display_name":"Pseudorange","score":0.9809238910675049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-line-of-sight-propagation","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","score":0.8565994501113892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.8032619953155518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.7873272895812988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7726975679397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gps-signals","display_name":"GPS signals","score":0.5505474209785461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indoor-positioning-system","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","score":0.4665137529373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.38814276456832886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assisted-gps","display_name":"Assisted GPS","score":0.38662028312683105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.38427382707595825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1962258219718933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerometer","display_name":"Accelerometer","score":0.1613357961177826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.1371268630027771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.12191453576087952}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174201072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187347","display_name":"Pseudorange","level":4,"score":0.9809238910675049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.8565994501113892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.8032619953155518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.7873272895812988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7726975679397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12957241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15903792","display_name":"GPS signals","level":4,"score":0.5505474209785461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777486483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6026477","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","level":3,"score":0.4665137529373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38814276456832886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198613851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432394","display_name":"Assisted GPS","level":3,"score":0.38662028312683105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.38427382707595825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1962258219718933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.1613357961177826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.1371268630027771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.12191453576087952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2020.3037074","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.3037074","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/93339","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/93339","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8299999833106995,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2030376154","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G335012471","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41704022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3910829908","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G434869240","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201707","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6966655824","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41704022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7060462233","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20170780","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8201947641","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41974033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8937912021","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20170780","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8983592378","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201707","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321605","display_name":"Government of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/004svx814"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1567027746","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W1847331333","https://openalex.org/W1977994906","https://openalex.org/W2013798594","https://openalex.org/W2014608620","https://openalex.org/W2016480093","https://openalex.org/W2022480405","https://openalex.org/W2033111663","https://openalex.org/W2038678236","https://openalex.org/W2052893770","https://openalex.org/W2072541100","https://openalex.org/W2076647596","https://openalex.org/W2096827331","https://openalex.org/W2106100548","https://openalex.org/W2131236830","https://openalex.org/W2132861310","https://openalex.org/W2138722406","https://openalex.org/W2142383995","https://openalex.org/W2143729023","https://openalex.org/W2146341415","https://openalex.org/W2167951319","https://openalex.org/W2180507614","https://openalex.org/W2183734809","https://openalex.org/W2187212574","https://openalex.org/W2204296387","https://openalex.org/W2331257503","https://openalex.org/W2331266820","https://openalex.org/W2344992754","https://openalex.org/W2572572557","https://openalex.org/W2583298792","https://openalex.org/W2603815849","https://openalex.org/W2737637538","https://openalex.org/W2793716893","https://openalex.org/W2904787380","https://openalex.org/W2905194740","https://openalex.org/W2924063228","https://openalex.org/W2936312397","https://openalex.org/W2989902081","https://openalex.org/W2993442636","https://openalex.org/W3035647407","https://openalex.org/W4300945981","https://openalex.org/W6634274855","https://openalex.org/W6637404493","https://openalex.org/W6638794438","https://openalex.org/W6645005245","https://openalex.org/W6679282865","https://openalex.org/W6687113768","https://openalex.org/W6741360448"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2765305061","https://openalex.org/W3118190411","https://openalex.org/W2779745554","https://openalex.org/W2770110807","https://openalex.org/W2995988144","https://openalex.org/W2125220687","https://openalex.org/W4214713934","https://openalex.org/W4281294611","https://openalex.org/W2734807567","https://openalex.org/W1987503182"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,177,201],"accuracy":[1,112,117,220],"of":[2,56,63,65,74,168,196,221,230,241],"location":[3],"information,":[4],"mainly":[5],"provided":[6],"by":[7,28,102,115,150,209],"the":[8,54,122,132,147,152,162,169,183,189,194,217,222,231,246],"global":[9],"positioning":[10,50,88,111,175,219,226],"system":[11],"(GPS)":[12],"sensor,":[13],"is":[14,113,236],"critical":[15],"for":[16,82,203],"Internet-of-Things":[17],"applications":[18],"in":[19,34,53,84,97,228],"smart":[20],"cities.":[21],"However,":[22,67,110],"built":[23],"environments":[24],"attenuate":[25],"GPS":[26,49,108],"signals":[27,190],"reflecting":[29],"or":[30,187],"blocking":[31],"them":[32],"resulting":[33],"some":[35],"cases":[36],"multipath":[37,75,197],"and":[38,58,71,87,158,182,198],"non-line-of-sight":[39],"(NLOS)":[40],"reception.":[41],"These":[42],"effects":[43,73,195],"cause":[44],"range":[45,85],"errors":[46,86,149,181],"that":[47,216],"degrade":[48],"accuracy.":[51,89,176],"Enhancements":[52],"design":[55],"antennae":[57],"receivers":[59],"deliver":[60],"a":[61,138,204],"level":[62],"reduction":[64],"multipath.":[66],"NLOS":[68,199],"signal":[69,118,133,153],"reception":[70,119,134],"residual":[72],"are":[76,171],"still":[77],"to":[78,129,145,173,192],"be":[79],"mitigated":[80],"sufficiently":[81],"improvements":[83],"Recent":[90],"machine":[91,127],"learning-based":[92],"methods":[93],"have":[94],"shown":[95],"promise":[96],"improving":[98],"pseudorange-based":[99],"position":[100],"solutions":[101],"considering":[103,151],"multiple":[104],"variables":[105],"from":[106],"raw":[107],"measurements.":[109],"limited":[114],"low":[116],"classification.":[120],"Unlike":[121],"existing":[123],"methods,":[124],"which":[125],"use":[126,137],"learning":[128],"directly":[130],"predict":[131,146],"classification,":[135],"we":[136],"gradient":[139],"boosting":[140],"decision":[141],"tree":[142],"(GBDT)-based":[143],"method":[144],"pseudorange":[148,159,164,180,223],"strength,":[154],"satellite":[155],"elevation":[156],"angle":[157],"residuals.":[160],"With":[161],"predicted":[163],"errors,":[165],"two":[166],"variations":[167],"algorithm":[170],"proposed":[172],"improve":[174],"first":[178],"corrects":[179,186],"other":[184],"either":[185],"excludes":[188],"determined":[191],"contain":[193],"signals.":[200],"results":[202],"challenging":[205],"urban":[206],"environment":[207],"characterized":[208],"high-rise":[210],"buildings":[211],"on":[212],"one":[213],"side,":[214],"show":[215],"3-D":[218],"error":[224,235],"correction-based":[225],"measured":[227],"terms":[229],"root":[232],"mean":[233],"square":[234],"23.3":[237],"m,":[238],"an":[239],"improvement":[240],"more":[242],"than":[243],"70%":[244],"over":[245],"conventional":[247],"methods.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}