{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3096727011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.3030646","title":"Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation for Blockchain-Enabled Industrial Internet of Things With Deep Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation for Blockchain-Enabled Industrial Internet of Things With Deep Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3096727011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.3030646","mag":"3096727011"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2020.3030646","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.3030646","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100552915","display_name":"Le Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Le Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100457477","display_name":"Meng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5576-9883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044158599","display_name":"Pengbo Si","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9160-2298"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengbo Si","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100693487","display_name":"Ruizhe Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0582-4079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruizhe Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078206254","display_name":"Enchang Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9285-0077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enchang Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100671497","display_name":"Yanhua Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8208-1224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanhua Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100552915"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.5502,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":93,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9911662,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"4","first_page":"2318","last_page":"2329"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13052","display_name":"Molecular Communication and Nanonetworks","score":0.9632999897003174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8608024716377258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.6991671323776245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6890463829040527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.6562685370445251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.6347513794898987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5850259065628052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5154672265052795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation-offloading","display_name":"Computation offloading","score":0.4435670077800751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.43439429998397827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4306037425994873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.3802228271961212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.33068159222602844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.25147873163223267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.22041288018226624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1908363699913025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18471351265907288}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8608024716377258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.6991671323776245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6890463829040527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6562685370445251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.6347513794898987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5850259065628052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5154672265052795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.4435670077800751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.43439429998397827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4306037425994873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.3802228271961212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.33068159222602844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.25147873163223267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.22041288018226624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1908363699913025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18471351265907288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2020.3030646","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.3030646","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5699999928474426}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1731244374","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61671029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4063292681","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KM202010005017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321572","funder_display_name":"Beijing Municipal Commission of Education"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5367626508","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61901011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321572","display_name":"Beijing Municipal Commission of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/04bpn6s66"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2038194220","https://openalex.org/W2558519867","https://openalex.org/W2565510139","https://openalex.org/W2565886541","https://openalex.org/W2605181596","https://openalex.org/W2803709963","https://openalex.org/W2808381205","https://openalex.org/W2811266402","https://openalex.org/W2851456136","https://openalex.org/W2888442703","https://openalex.org/W2891362044","https://openalex.org/W2898035736","https://openalex.org/W2898652425","https://openalex.org/W2899462209","https://openalex.org/W2900842005","https://openalex.org/W2907843228","https://openalex.org/W2910454330","https://openalex.org/W2910763180","https://openalex.org/W2912978522","https://openalex.org/W2913127416","https://openalex.org/W2919530665","https://openalex.org/W2920852263","https://openalex.org/W2945136984","https://openalex.org/W2947690458","https://openalex.org/W2947825277","https://openalex.org/W2949226003","https://openalex.org/W2954039338","https://openalex.org/W2964098968","https://openalex.org/W2964583557","https://openalex.org/W2966556967","https://openalex.org/W2972911562","https://openalex.org/W2973627286","https://openalex.org/W2994236448","https://openalex.org/W2995851867","https://openalex.org/W2998623446","https://openalex.org/W3009403088","https://openalex.org/W3012434840","https://openalex.org/W3100789280","https://openalex.org/W3101098008","https://openalex.org/W3104481671"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3096874164","https://openalex.org/W2937181779","https://openalex.org/W2386410636","https://openalex.org/W1985560493","https://openalex.org/W2357975469","https://openalex.org/W2145363145","https://openalex.org/W1626977535","https://openalex.org/W4284974072","https://openalex.org/W2341346307","https://openalex.org/W4225269853"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Industrial":[0],"Internet":[1],"of":[2,10,22,59,69,96,103],"Things":[3],"(IIoT)":[4],"has":[5],"emerged":[6],"with":[7],"the":[8,18,45,74,93,101,104,108,113,117,138,165,171,178,191],"developments":[9],"various":[11],"communication":[12],"technologies.":[13],"In":[14],"order":[15],"to":[16,91,133,163,177,189,207],"guarantee":[17],"security":[19],"and":[20,34,64,77,99,116,136,154,161,169,180],"privacy":[21],"massive":[23],"IIoT":[24,89,97,131],"data,":[25],"blockchain":[26],"is":[27,187],"widely":[28],"considered":[29],"as":[30,141],"a":[31,142],"promising":[32],"technology":[33],"applied":[35],"into":[36,87],"IIoT.":[37],"However,":[38],"there":[39],"are":[40,120],"still":[41],"several":[42],"issues":[43,76],"in":[44,62,79],"existing":[46,209],"blockchain-enabled":[47,88,130],"IIoT:":[48],"1)":[49],"unbearable":[50],"energy":[51,114,167],"consumption":[52,115],"for":[53,129],"computation":[54,67,94,118],"tasks;":[55],"2)":[56],"poor":[57],"efficiency":[58,102],"consensus":[60,105],"mechanism":[61],"blockchain;":[63],"3)":[65],"serious":[66],"overhead":[68],"network":[70],"systems.":[71],"To":[72],"handle":[73],"above":[75],"challenges,":[78],"this":[80],"article,":[81],"we":[82,124],"integrate":[83],"mobile-edge":[84],"computing":[85,155],"(MEC)":[86],"systems":[90,132],"promote":[92],"capability":[95],"devices":[98,166],"improve":[100,202],"process.":[106],"Meanwhile,":[107],"weighted":[109,172],"system":[110,173,203],"cost,":[111],"including":[112],"overhead,":[119],"jointly":[121],"considered.":[122],"Moreover,":[123],"propose":[125],"an":[126],"optimization":[127],"framework":[128],"decrease":[134],"consumption,":[135],"formulate":[137],"proposed":[139,199],"problem":[140],"Markov":[143],"decision":[144],"process":[145],"(MDP).":[146],"The":[147],"master":[148],"controller,":[149],"offloading":[150],"decision,":[151],"block":[152],"size,":[153],"server":[156],"can":[157,201],"be":[158],"dynamically":[159],"selected":[160],"adjusted":[162],"optimize":[164],"allocation":[168],"reduce":[170],"cost.":[174],"Accordingly,":[175],"due":[176],"high-dynamic":[179],"large-dimensional":[181],"characteristics,":[182],"deep":[183],"reinforcement":[184],"learning":[185],"(DRL)":[186],"introduced":[188],"solve":[190],"formulated":[192],"problem.":[193],"Simulation":[194],"results":[195],"demonstrate":[196],"that":[197],"our":[198],"scheme":[200],"performance":[204],"significantly":[205],"compared":[206],"other":[208],"schemes.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-02-27T16:54:17.756197","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}