{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3083711951","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.3021429","title":"False Data Injection Attack and Defense Method on Load Frequency Control","display_name":"False Data Injection Attack and Defense Method on Load Frequency Control","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3083711951","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.3021429","mag":"3083711951"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2020.3021429","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.3021429","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026431753","display_name":"Yuancheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8074-7259"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuancheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control and Computer Engineering and Institute of Smart Grid and Information Security, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control and Computer Engineering and Institute of Smart Grid and Information Security, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036311977","display_name":"Rong Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0396-2681"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rong Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017914154","display_name":"Longqiang Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Longqiang Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026431753"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.491,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":77,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96362215,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"4","first_page":"2910","last_page":"2919"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9519000053405762,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.7847484946250916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.698304295539856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.6971025466918945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.6004611253738403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-deviation","display_name":"Frequency deviation","score":0.5757284760475159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-frequency-control","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","score":0.5697462558746338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyberspace","display_name":"Cyberspace","score":0.4592009484767914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.43323785066604614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-system-protection","display_name":"Power-system protection","score":0.42105355858802795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.3747822046279907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3233949542045593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2437783181667328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.24248650670051575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.18399405479431152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.095282644033432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.7847484946250916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.698304295539856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.6971025466918945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.6004611253738403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123919525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q761942","display_name":"Frequency deviation","level":3,"score":0.5757284760475159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25915539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220786","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","level":2,"score":0.5697462558746338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781241145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204606","display_name":"Cyberspace","level":3,"score":0.4592009484767914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.43323785066604614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38361682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756067","display_name":"Power-system protection","level":4,"score":0.42105355858802795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3747822046279907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3233949542045593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2437783181667328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.24248650670051575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.18399405479431152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.095282644033432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2020.3021429","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.3021429","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1919447789","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YJ003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1989374345","https://openalex.org/W2098897917","https://openalex.org/W2099471712","https://openalex.org/W2106267320","https://openalex.org/W2109156380","https://openalex.org/W2115472369","https://openalex.org/W2153268908","https://openalex.org/W2157078218","https://openalex.org/W2406810199","https://openalex.org/W2517303124","https://openalex.org/W2581979174","https://openalex.org/W2593244526","https://openalex.org/W2600074297","https://openalex.org/W2765366020","https://openalex.org/W2767011062","https://openalex.org/W2783173268","https://openalex.org/W2783885350","https://openalex.org/W2786236901","https://openalex.org/W2792111770","https://openalex.org/W2792169732","https://openalex.org/W2793107922","https://openalex.org/W2794333790","https://openalex.org/W2795786455","https://openalex.org/W2805199233","https://openalex.org/W2840655364","https://openalex.org/W2909270842","https://openalex.org/W2963771723","https://openalex.org/W2977733636","https://openalex.org/W2998201667","https://openalex.org/W3003110015","https://openalex.org/W3004006596","https://openalex.org/W3016957032","https://openalex.org/W4237248368","https://openalex.org/W4320013936"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2892695466","https://openalex.org/W3127790372","https://openalex.org/W2382782532","https://openalex.org/W3168778428","https://openalex.org/W4391237069","https://openalex.org/W2779431316","https://openalex.org/W4214912341","https://openalex.org/W4289260695","https://openalex.org/W2090419309","https://openalex.org/W2334046388"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,42,124],"load":[1],"frequency":[2,152],"control":[3,61,69,113],"(LFC)":[4],"system":[5,140,151],"is":[6,15,37,105],"an":[7,94],"essential":[8],"component":[9],"of":[10,27,76],"the":[11,21,25,31,52,56,60,68,73,77,81,92,102,112,115,128,133,143,149,159],"smart":[12],"grid":[13],"and":[14,20,64,97,110,120,136,153],"located":[16],"between":[17],"cyberspace":[18],"information":[19],"physical":[22],"infrastructure.":[23],"Because":[24],"operation":[26,75],"LFC":[28,57,82],"depends":[29],"on":[30,91,101,127],"modern":[32],"network":[33,40,104],"communication":[34],"technology,":[35],"it":[36],"vulnerable":[38],"to":[39],"attacks.":[41],"false":[43],"data":[44,50,53],"injection":[45],"attack":[46,49],"(FDIA)":[47],"injects":[48],"into":[51],"collected":[54],"by":[55],"system,":[58,83,132],"affecting":[59],"center's":[62],"calculation":[63],"causing":[65],"errors":[66],"in":[67],"signals,":[70,114],"which":[71],"affects":[72],"stable":[74],"power":[78,131,139,150,155],"system.":[79],"For":[80],"this":[84],"article":[85],"builds":[86],"a":[87],"cyber-physical":[88],"model.":[89],"Based":[90],"model,":[93],"FDIA":[95],"detection":[96],"defense":[98,145],"mechanism":[99],"based":[100],"GAN":[103],"proposed.":[106],"By":[107],"calculating,":[108],"contrasting,":[109],"replacing":[111],"proposed":[116,144],"method":[117,146],"can":[118,147],"detect":[119],"defend":[121],"against":[122],"FDIAs.":[123],"experimental":[125],"results":[126],"two-area":[129],"interconnected":[130],"IEEE":[134,137],"39-bus,":[135],"118-bus":[138],"show":[141],"that":[142],"ensure":[148],"tie-line":[154],"deviation":[156],"remain":[157],"within":[158],"set":[160],"value":[161],"when":[162],"suffered":[163],"from":[164],"FDIA.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-29T08:15:47.926485","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}