{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3082637116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.3019812","title":"Context-Rich Privacy Leakage Analysis Through Inferring Apps in Smart Home IoT","display_name":"Context-Rich Privacy Leakage Analysis Through Inferring Apps in Smart Home IoT","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3082637116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.3019812","mag":"3082637116"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2020.3019812","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.3019812","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100621073","display_name":"Yuan Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5521-2516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education and School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education and School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101731002","display_name":"Long Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1736-0873"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Long Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056657952","display_name":"Hongxin Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8710-247X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongxin Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076621366","display_name":"Guojun Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5731-8958"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guojun Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education and School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education and School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034366344","display_name":"Danfeng Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8969-2792"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danfeng Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100621073"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.133,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88149457,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"4","first_page":"2736","last_page":"2750"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8364241123199463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profiling","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","score":0.6143101453781128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.5951198935508728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5304652452468872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.49486321210861206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-leakage","display_name":"Information leakage","score":0.48565542697906494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-analysis","display_name":"Traffic analysis","score":0.4816974103450775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.46749627590179443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4290268123149872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/home-automation","display_name":"Home automation","score":0.41652336716651917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3181847035884857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2907404899597168}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8364241123199463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.6143101453781128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5951198935508728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5304652452468872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.49486321210861206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2775060","display_name":"Information leakage","level":2,"score":0.48565542697906494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781317605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832483","display_name":"Traffic analysis","level":2,"score":0.4816974103450775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.46749627590179443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4290268123149872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C507571656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848436","display_name":"Home automation","level":2,"score":0.41652336716651917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3181847035884857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2907404899597168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2020.3019812","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.3019812","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2211466732","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1636107","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6267076779","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61972297","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7769599411","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201806270163","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2145969515","https://openalex.org/W2190207511","https://openalex.org/W2276525750","https://openalex.org/W2276979642","https://openalex.org/W2474516640","https://openalex.org/W2508433864","https://openalex.org/W2613352518","https://openalex.org/W2617052993","https://openalex.org/W2725805953","https://openalex.org/W2749429923","https://openalex.org/W2751531621","https://openalex.org/W2766542353","https://openalex.org/W2776486137","https://openalex.org/W2786137822","https://openalex.org/W2791018263","https://openalex.org/W2792078641","https://openalex.org/W2803355698","https://openalex.org/W2803355841","https://openalex.org/W2885045113","https://openalex.org/W2886320151","https://openalex.org/W2887363536","https://openalex.org/W2889033824","https://openalex.org/W2890188242","https://openalex.org/W2890559797","https://openalex.org/W2890915954","https://openalex.org/W2896143299","https://openalex.org/W2903880611","https://openalex.org/W2909182831","https://openalex.org/W2939656963","https://openalex.org/W2945159175","https://openalex.org/W2945731662","https://openalex.org/W2963846158","https://openalex.org/W2963893085","https://openalex.org/W2964014507","https://openalex.org/W2964344666","https://openalex.org/W2972047421","https://openalex.org/W2983277367","https://openalex.org/W3007016253","https://openalex.org/W3011388169","https://openalex.org/W3026309498","https://openalex.org/W3046246673","https://openalex.org/W3098804373","https://openalex.org/W3100966310","https://openalex.org/W3101731393","https://openalex.org/W3103349363","https://openalex.org/W3112111251","https://openalex.org/W4300788801","https://openalex.org/W6694732232","https://openalex.org/W6721194330","https://openalex.org/W6744196339","https://openalex.org/W6748246993","https://openalex.org/W6751184934","https://openalex.org/W6753894091","https://openalex.org/W6761264390"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4245926026","https://openalex.org/W2586548817","https://openalex.org/W4311097251","https://openalex.org/W2625093826","https://openalex.org/W2950174689","https://openalex.org/W4200598720","https://openalex.org/W2921026492","https://openalex.org/W4361251261","https://openalex.org/W3161928361","https://openalex.org/W3111735654"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Emerging":[0],"Internet":[1],"of":[2,22,67,152,159,182],"Things":[3],"(IoT)":[4],"systems":[5],"leverage":[6],"connected":[7],"devices":[8],"to":[9,91,94,116,167],"enable":[10],"intelligent":[11],"and":[12,98,133,140,161,163,192,227,236],"automated":[13],"functionalities.":[14],"Despite":[15],"the":[16,30,35,41,157,180,201],"benefits,":[17],"there":[18],"exist":[19],"privacy":[20,37,44,111],"risks":[21,45],"network":[23],"traffic,":[24,162],"which":[25,79,169],"have":[26],"been":[27],"studied":[28],"by":[29,77],"previous":[31],"research.":[32],"However,":[33],"with":[34,241],"current":[36],"inference":[38,203],"remaining":[39],"at":[40,176],"event-level,":[42],"potential":[43],"are":[46],"underestimated,":[47],"which,":[48],"as":[49],"our":[50,68,183],"study":[51],"shows,":[52],"can":[53,219],"be":[54],"much":[55],"higher":[56],"than":[57],"previously":[58],"reported":[59],"through":[60,130,144],"app-level":[61],"traffic":[62,74,146,150,175,226],"analysis.":[63,197],"A":[64],"key":[65],"observation":[66],"research":[69],"is":[70,75,165,171],"that":[71,217],"IoT":[72,123,174,225],"event-triggered":[73],"generated":[76],"apps,":[78],"often":[80],"adopt":[81],"an":[82],"if-trigger-then-action":[83],"(trigger-action)":[84],"programming":[85],"paradigm.":[86],"We":[87,198],"utilize":[88],"this":[89,106],"feature":[90],"develop":[92],"fingerprints":[93,129,151,158],"differentiate":[95],"running":[96,118,172,222],"apps":[97,119,207,223,240],"learn":[99,228],"context-rich":[100,229],"privacy-sensitive":[101],"information":[102,136,230],"from":[103,137,173,224,239],"apps.":[104,153],"In":[105],"article,":[107],"we":[108,185],"present":[109],"a":[110,210],"leakage":[112],"analysis":[113,132],"called":[114],"ALTA":[115,126,155,218],"infer":[117,221],"in":[120,209],"smart":[121,212],"home":[122],"environments.":[124],"First,":[125],"identifies":[127],"app":[128,138,160,170,202],"static":[131],"extracts":[134],"sensitive":[135],"descriptions":[139],"input":[141],"prompts.":[142],"Then,":[143],"dynamic":[145],"profiling,":[147],"it":[148],"learns":[149],"Finally,":[154],"matches":[156],"thus":[164],"able":[166],"pinpoint":[168],"runtime.":[177],"To":[178],"demonstrate":[179],"feasibility":[181],"approach,":[184],"analyze":[186],"254":[187],"SmartThings":[188],"applications":[189],"via":[190],"program":[191],"natural":[193],"language":[194],"processing":[195],"(NLP)":[196],"also":[199],"perform":[200],"evaluation":[204],"on":[205],"31":[206],"executed":[208],"simulated":[211],"home.":[213],"The":[214],"results":[215],"suggest":[216],"effectively":[220],"(e.g.,":[231],"health":[232],"conditions,":[233],"daily":[234],"routines,":[235],"user":[237],"activities)":[238],"high":[242],"accuracy.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
