{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3035529916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.3001597","title":"Physical-Layer Authentication for Internet of Things via WFRFT-Based Gaussian Tag Embedding","display_name":"Physical-Layer Authentication for Internet of Things via WFRFT-Based Gaussian Tag Embedding","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3035529916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.3001597","mag":"3035529916"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2020.3001597","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.3001597","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100404886","display_name":"Ning Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8781-4925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ning Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060865895","display_name":"Xiaojie Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3337-2241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojie Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communication Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communication Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100423438","display_name":"Ye Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0464-9136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","PengCheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PengCheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100684143","display_name":"Shaohua Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6950-0594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaohua Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","PengCheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PengCheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001829510","display_name":"Huici Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7689-482X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huici Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Laboratory for Mobile Network Technologies, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Laboratory for Mobile Network Technologies, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014074817","display_name":"Dulal C. Kar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6368-9501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96749437","display_name":"Texas A&M University \u2013 Corpus Christi","ror":"https://ror.org/01mrfdz82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96749437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dulal Kar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing Science, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing Science, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96749437"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100417312","display_name":"Hongli Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8167-7106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongli Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communication Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communication Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100404886"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.2995,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":78,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96631579,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"9","first_page":"9001","last_page":"9010"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11210","display_name":"Mathematical Analysis and Transform Methods","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2604","display_name":"Applied Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9659000039100647,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8390845060348511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.7312259674072266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.7056164741516113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5420305728912354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5248784422874451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.5114856958389282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.473147988319397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.4448346495628357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4309680759906769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.22622710466384888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15448784828186035}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8390845060348511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.7312259674072266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.7056164741516113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5420305728912354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5248784422874451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.5114856958389282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.473147988319397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.4448346495628357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4309680759906769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.22622710466384888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15448784828186035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2020.3001597","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.3001597","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3722823188","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019M650067","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5449968737","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61901140","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W58703277","https://openalex.org/W1733425272","https://openalex.org/W1870509456","https://openalex.org/W1919042217","https://openalex.org/W1950937894","https://openalex.org/W1957358593","https://openalex.org/W1970157653","https://openalex.org/W2024304958","https://openalex.org/W2052396663","https://openalex.org/W2106515734","https://openalex.org/W2109631601","https://openalex.org/W2113475664","https://openalex.org/W2130630988","https://openalex.org/W2149191412","https://openalex.org/W2153261701","https://openalex.org/W2153644609","https://openalex.org/W2208173047","https://openalex.org/W2237222338","https://openalex.org/W2295984818","https://openalex.org/W2486125865","https://openalex.org/W2605943641","https://openalex.org/W2621968521","https://openalex.org/W2690196614","https://openalex.org/W2765739766","https://openalex.org/W2776486137","https://openalex.org/W2790515697","https://openalex.org/W2884968439","https://openalex.org/W2895216609","https://openalex.org/W2897514040","https://openalex.org/W2947710575","https://openalex.org/W2980053862","https://openalex.org/W3105108969","https://openalex.org/W6602393588"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2188559950","https://openalex.org/W2998478967","https://openalex.org/W2989910292","https://openalex.org/W2123299109","https://openalex.org/W3128793638","https://openalex.org/W2021230337","https://openalex.org/W4401097268","https://openalex.org/W4283217267","https://openalex.org/W2209485861","https://openalex.org/W4387799680"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Internet":[0],"of":[1,27,31,65,96,113,160,167,172,184,206],"Things":[2],"(IoT)":[3],"is":[4,140,190],"regarded":[5],"as":[6,15,39],"the":[7,36,40,46,50,63,94,103,106,111,114,118,132,137,158,161,168,173,179,182,201,207],"fundamental":[8],"platform":[9],"for":[10,68],"many":[11],"emerging":[12],"services,":[13],"such":[14],"smart":[16,18],"city,":[17],"home,":[19],"and":[20,144,151,177,195,203],"intelligent":[21],"transportation":[22],"systems.":[23],"With":[24],"ever-increasing":[25],"penetration":[26],"IoT,":[28],"it":[29],"becomes":[30],"great":[32],"importance":[33],"to":[34,49,60,72,156,199],"ensure":[35],"IoT":[37,66],"security,":[38],"security":[41,127],"threats":[42],"are":[43,154,197],"extended":[44],"from":[45],"cyber":[47],"world":[48],"physical":[51,119],"world.":[52],"In":[53,147],"this":[54],"article,":[55],"we":[56,77],"investigate":[57],"physical-layer":[58,81],"authentication":[59,82],"help":[61],"verify":[62,110],"identity":[64],"entities":[67],"preventing":[69],"unauthorized":[70],"access":[71],"information":[73],"or":[74],"service.":[75],"Specifically,":[76],"propose":[78],"a":[79,87,97,188],"Gaussian-tag-embedded":[80],"(GTEA)":[83],"scheme":[84,139,163],"by":[85,124],"using":[86,193],"weighted":[88],"fractional":[89],"Fourier":[90],"transform":[91],"(WFRFT).":[92],"Through":[93],"superimposition":[95],"low-power":[98],"Gaussian":[99,135],"WFRFT":[100],"tag":[101,175],"onto":[102],"message":[104,169],"signal,":[105,176],"legitimate":[107],"receiver":[108],"can":[109],"authenticity":[112],"received":[115],"signal":[116],"at":[117],"layer,":[120],"without":[121],"being":[122],"detected":[123],"adversaries.":[125],"Moreover,":[126,187],"analysis":[128,150],"shows":[129],"that":[130],"with":[131],"deliberately":[133],"designed":[134],"tag,":[136],"GTEA":[138,162,209],"robust":[141],"against":[142],"spoofing":[143],"replaying":[145],"attacks.":[146],"addition,":[148],"tradeoff":[149,180],"simulation":[152],"results":[153],"provided":[155],"demonstrate":[157,200],"capability":[159],"in":[164],"achieving":[165],"reliability":[166],"delivery,":[170],"stealth":[171],"embedded":[174],"balancing":[178],"among":[181],"robustness":[183],"user":[185],"authentication.":[186],"prototype":[189],"further":[191],"developed":[192],"FPGA":[194],"experiments":[196],"conducted":[198],"effectiveness":[202],"performance":[204],"improvement":[205],"proposed":[208],"scheme.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
